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Pathophysiology Semester 2 > Alterations of Digestive Function: Chapter 37-39 > Flashcards

Alterations of Digestive Function: Chapter 37-39 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of GI dysfunctions?

A 
Anorexia
Vomiting
Constipation
Diarrhea
Abdominal Pain
GI bleeding
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2
Q

What is anorexia?

A

lack of desire to eat despite physiological need or stimuli; accompanies other disorders

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3
Q

What is anorexia often associated with?

A
  • nausea
  • abdominal pain
  • indigestion
  • diarrhea
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4
Q

What is involved in the process of vomiting?

A

Vomiting is the result of REVERSE PERISTALSIS
- Somatomotore signals from vomiting centre are sent causing abdominal PRESSURE, RESPIRATION to STOP, LES (lower esophageal sphincter) RELAXATION, and CLOSURE of the GLOTTIS and SOFT PALATE

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5
Q

What is vomiting initiated by?

A
  • various drugs
  • trauma or torsion of the ovaries, testes, uterus, bladder, kidney, GI, brain
  • activations of the medullary centre
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6
Q

What part of the brain initiates vomiting?

A

Medullary centre

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7
Q

What can cause infrequent defecation or constipation?

A 
personal habits
various disorders
drugs
inadequate fluid intake
muscle weakness
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8
Q

What is most often the main concern about prolonged diarrhea?

A

DEHYDRATION

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9
Q

What are some kinds of abdominal pain?

A
  • mechanical (stretching) from inflammation or ishemic causes
  • parietal pain more localize, intense
    visceral pain usually diffus, vague
  • referred pain usually well localized felt in skin or deep tissue that share afferent nervous pathways
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10
Q

What is visceral pain?

A

usually diffuse, vague

closely connected to ANS; thus associated with pallor, sweating, nausea, vomiting

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11
Q

What is parietal pain?

A

more localized, intense pain

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12
Q

What is referred pain?

A

usually well localized, felt in skin or deeper tissues (that share afferent nervous pathway)

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13
Q

Define hematemesis.

A

bloody vomit- fresh bright red or coffee-ground (digested) appearence

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14
Q

Define melena.

A

tarry, foul-smelling stool (due to digested blood)

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15
Q

Define hematochezia.

A

fresh, bright red blood (Frank) from rectum

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16
Q

Define occult blood.

A

trace amounts in stool or gastric secretions (detected in a lab)

17
Q

Are GI bleeds life threatening?

A

ACUTE SEVERE GI bleeds can be life threatening

18
Q

When there is massive amount of blood loss due to GI bleeds what does it effect?

A
  • HR & BP changes
19
Q

What happens when blood accumulates in the GI tract?

A

vomiting and diarrhea

20
Q

Define deglutiition.

A

swallowing

21
Q

When you swallow what happens?

A

The soft palate and uvula block the nasal passages

The epiglottis protects the airway

22
Q

What are the layers of the esophagus?

A 
starting from the outside...
ADVENTITIA
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
SUBMUCOSA
MUCOSA
23
Q

Define DYSPHAGIA.

A

DIFFICULTY SWALLOWING
- commonly described as food sticking or lodging in the chest
-

24
Q

What CAUSES dysphagia?

A
  • lack of salivary secretions (dehydration)
  • esophageal obstruction
  • impaired esophageal motility
  • neural or muscular disorders
25
Q

Define achalasia.

A

severely impaired lower esophageal peristalsis and sphincter function (impairs food and fluid movement)
- Loss of inhibitory neurons that mediate the lower esophageal sphincter, preventing relaxation. Leads to pain after swallowing and regurgitation.

26
Q

Define stricture.

A

limit or constriction

27
Q

What causes achalasia?

A

Loss of inhibitory neurons that mediate the lower esophageal sphincter, preventing relaxation.

28
Q

What are symptoms of achalasia?

A

Leads to pain after swallowing and regurgitation.

29
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

Protrusion of upper part of stomach into thoracic cavity through esophageal hiatus

30
Q

What is the esophageal hiatus?

A

the opening of the diaphram

31
Q

What are the symptoms of hiatal hernias?

A

Often asymptomatic but can lead to: GER, esophagitis, dysphagia, regurgitation

32
Q

What is GERD?

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is when there is regurgitation of chyme to esophagus

33
Q

What are the symptoms of GERD?

A
  • regurgitation of chyme to esophagus causing heart burn, upper abdominal pain within 1hour after eating
  • symptoms worsen when lying down or with increased intra-abdominal pressure
34
Q

What are some rare complications of GER?

A

esophagitis, cancer, trigger asthmatic attach, strictures, esophageal spasm, decrease esophageal motility

35
Q

How does reflux esophagitis present?

A
  • lots of eosinophils in superficial portion of the mucosa

- stratified squamous epithelium has not under gone complete maturation due to ongoing inflammatory damage

36
Q

What is the max capacity of the stomach?

A

4L

start on slide 40

Pathophysiology Semester 2 (5 decks)

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