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test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many element account for 98% of earth’s mass?

A

8 element (Iron, oxygen, and silicon)

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2
Q

What makes up 75% of the earth’s crust?

A

Oxygen and silicon

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3
Q

Center of the earth is more ____ , as it expands it is less ___.

A

Dense (Iron center, lighter element migrate to the crust)

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4
Q

Earth’s early molten, (or nearly molten) state under influence of _____, heavy element sank to the ____.

A

gravity, center

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5
Q

Minerals are

A

Naturally occurring, Crystalline solid, orderly and repeating arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules, definite chemical composition, and inorganic (non living)

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6
Q

Minerals are classified by

A

Chemical composition (what it is made of ) Crystal structure (how it is arranged)

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7
Q

______ is the formation and growth of a solid from a liquid or gas.

A

Crystallization

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8
Q

Minerals are identifiable by there ____ form

A

Crystal

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9
Q

Some minerals can have same composition but different ______ structure.

A

Crystal (example Carbon can made graphite or diamonds)

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10
Q

Graphite and diamonds have different arrangement of the same atoms is called _____.

A

Polymorphs

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11
Q

Crystal form -Crystal shapes in the outward expression of a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms. Which condition effect the grow of the crystal?

A

Temperature, pressure, and space for growth

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12
Q

Hardness is the _____ of a mineral to ______

A

Hardness, scratching (Hardness depends on the chemical bonds and strength is determined by the ionic charge, atom size and packing)

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13
Q

______ is the property of a mineral to break along planes of weakness (determines by crystal structure and bond strength)

A

Cleavage (breaks straight)

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14
Q

_____ occurs in mineral where bond strength is generally the same in all direction.

A

Fracture (breaks along curvatures)

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15
Q

Mineral that ______ do not exhibit ______

A

fracture, cleavage

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16
Q

_____ is obvious feature but not a reliable for identification. Using a the _____ is the true color of the mineral.

A

Color, streak

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17
Q

______ is the ratio of a mineral’s mass to its volume. How heavy a mineral feels.

A

Density

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18
Q

Physical properties of a mineral are predominantly related to
A the external condition of temperature, pressure, and amount of space available for growth
B The chemical composition and internal arrangement of the atoms that make up the mineral.
C.crystal form, hardness, cleavage and fracture and density

A

B The chemical composition and internal arrangement of the atoms that make up the mineral.

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19
Q

The color of a mineral is related to
A it chemical composition
B its luster
C its internal arrangement of atoms

A

A it chemical composition

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20
Q

There are two classification of minerals

A

silicate minerals (silicate) and non silicate minerals (oxygen)

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21
Q

______ mineral make up more than 90% of the earth’s crust.

A

Silicate

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22
Q

Silicate are divided into two groups :

A

Ferromagnesian silicates and non Ferromagnesian silicates

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23
Q

______ silicates contain iron or magnesium. Tend to have high density and are dark colored

A

Ferromagnesian

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24
Q

______ silicates have no iron or magnesium and are low density and light in color.

A

non Ferromagnesian

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25
Q

________are more important for us (gold, diamond, copper) we have less of these resources.

A

non silicate

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26
Q

The silicates are the most common and abundant mineral groups, because silicon and oxygen are
A the hardest element to find
B the two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust
C Found in the mineral quartz

A

B the two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust

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27
Q

Non silicate mineral make up about ____ Earth’s crust.

A

8%

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28
Q

Minerals form by the process of ______

A

Crystallization

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29
Q

Mineral crystallize from two primary sources.

A

Magma (molten rock) and water solution

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30
Q

Mineral crystallize systematically based on their _____ point

A

Melting

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31
Q

The first mineral to crystallize from magma are those with the ____ melting point and the _____ amount of silica.

A

highest, lowest

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32
Q

The last mineral to crystallize from a magma are those with _____ melting points and ___ amounts of silica

A

lower, higher

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33
Q

Water solutions can precipitate chemical sediment such as carbonates and evaporate
Low solubility mineral precipitate ___.

A

1st

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34
Q

High solubility mineral precipitate ____

A

last

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35
Q

In the crystallization of chemical sediments from water solution, low solubility minerals precipitate first because
A they dissolve more easily
B they are infinitely soluble
C they are not easily dissolved

A

C they are not easily dissolved

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36
Q

_______ formed from cooling and crystallization of magma or lava

A

Igneous

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37
Q

_____ formed from preexisting rocks subjected to weather and erosion

A

Sedimentary

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38
Q

_____ formed from preexisting rock transformed by heat, pressure, or chemical fluids (changes without melting)

A

Metamorphic

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39
Q

____ is molten rock from inside the earth. ____ is molten erupted at the earths surface.

A

Magma, Lava

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40
Q

Even though the temperature at depth is hotter than rock’s melting point, the rock at depth are solid, because
A. they are under enormous pressure from the rock above
B increased pressure their melting
C. temperature would have to be even higher to counteract the increase in pressure
D all the above

A

D

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41
Q

Three types of magma

A

Basaltic (ocean floor dark) Andesitic (gray) Granitic (light color, land mass)

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42
Q

Intrusive or plutonic rocks form ____ of the earth

A

inside

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43
Q

Extrusive or volcanic rocks form ____ of the earth

A

surface

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44
Q

Three types of volcanoes are

A

Shield, cinder cone, and composite

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45
Q

Shield and cinder cone have ____ amount silica making lava running. Composite have ___ amounts of silica thick.

A

Low, high

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46
Q

_____is the most common plutonic rock

A

Granite

47
Q

Weathering the physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rock at Earths surface.
Two types of weathering are

A

mechanical and chemical

48
Q

Sedimentary rocks are product of 4 process

A

weathering, erosion, Deposition, Sedimentation

49
Q

Mechanical weathering can be ____ ____ ( freezing and thawing of water) ______ ____ (expansion and contraction due to heating and cooling ), and ____ ____ (disintegration from plants and animals)

A

Frost wedging, thermal expansion, biological activity

50
Q

_____ the physical removal of material by mobile agents such as water, wind , ice or gravity.
It involves movement.

A

Erosion

51
Q

Lithification occurs in two steps __ ___

A

Compaction and cementation

52
Q

_____ weight of overlying material presses down upon deeper layers.

A

compaction

53
Q

________ compaction releases “pore water” rich in dissolved minerals. Acts as a glue to cement sediment particles together

A

cementation

54
Q

Sedimentary rocks are based on two types

A

Clastic rocks and chemical rocks

55
Q

____ transport sediment particles bit and pieces of weathered rocks (shale, sandstone, conglomerate)

A

Clastic rock

56
Q

______ sediment that were once in solution (travertine, halite, limestone)

A

Chemical rock

57
Q

_____ abundant chemical rock

A

Limestone

58
Q

_____ trigger the deposition of chemical precipitates.

A

Evaporites

59
Q

_____ is different from other rock because it is composed of organic material.

A

Coal

60
Q

The most characteristic feature sedimentary rocks is
A they contain fossils
B the lithification and cementation of sediments
C the layered sequence of strata

A

C the layered sequence of strata

61
Q

Metamorphic rocks are produced form

A

igneous, sedimentary, and other metamorphic rocks

62
Q

Metamorphic rock occur via ______ and _____ deformation

A

recrystallization mechanical

63
Q

Contact metamorphism - a body of rock intruded by magma/ associated with high temperatures and high water content

A

(lots of chemical activity, not much or no mechanical deformation)

64
Q

Large areas alteration by both heat and pressure

A

Regional metamorphism

65
Q

_____ layered in sheets (slate, schist, geneiss)

A

Foliated

66
Q

_____ not layered (marble and quartzite)

A

Nonfoliated

67
Q

Marble is an example of
A crystalline, metamorphosed limestone
B foliated metamorphic rock
C nonfoliated mica

A

A crystalline, metamorphosed limestone

68
Q

What was the rate of cooling and the environment of formation for an extrusive igneous rock.

A

Fast because it was erupted from a volcano

69
Q

What creates the small holes found in a vesicular texture

A

Weathering

70
Q

_____ is the process where sediments are converted into a sedimentary rock.

A

Lithification

71
Q

_____ describes the range in particle sized in a detrital sedimentary rock

A

Sorting

72
Q

The metamorphic equivalent of limestone is

A

marble

73
Q

In a sedimentary rock, small rounded particles indicate

A

a long distance and long time travel time

74
Q

_____ is composed of alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals

A

Gneiss

75
Q

The primary agent of contact metamorphism is

A

heat

76
Q

_______ is the assumption that Earth’s geog logy is the result of slow processes over long periods of time

A

Uniformitarianism

77
Q

______ relative age, the ordering of rocks in sequence by comparative ages

A

Relative dating

78
Q

______ absolute age, actual age of rock determined in a laboratory.

A

Radiometric dating

79
Q

____ new layers of sediment are horizontally laid down over older layer

A

Original horizontality

80
Q

____ in undeformed sequences of rock, top layers are younger than bottom layers

A

superposition

81
Q

_____ a fault or intrusion that cuts into a rock is younger than the rock it cuts through

A

Cross cutting

82
Q

Any inclusion is older than the rock containing it

A

inclusion piece of rock

83
Q

_____ allows us to date separates rock outcrops from similar characteristics

A

lateral continuity

84
Q

______ Fossil organisms follow one another in a definite, irreversible time sequence.

A

Faunal succession

85
Q

The embedded rocks (inclusions) in the sedimentary layers are
A metamorphic
B older than the sedimentary layers
C younger than the sedimentary layers

A

B older than the sedimentary layers

86
Q

Uncomformites are ___ in the rock record

A

Gaps

87
Q

__ ___ the time it takes for half of the parents isotopes to decay to their daughter product

A

Half life

88
Q

Radiometric dating can give the actual age of a rock. An exception to the actual age” can be found in

A

Sedimentary and some metamorphic rocks

89
Q

______ time ranges 4.5 billion years ago to 543 million years ago

A

Precambrian

90
Q

Blue/ green algae or cyanobacteria and volcanic

A

Precambrian

91
Q

Three type of atmosphere

A

1ST hydrogen and helium
2nd from volcanic out gassing rich in CO2 and H2O h2o formed the oceans
3rd removal of co2 to rocks nitrogen increased oxygen increased development of o3

92
Q

The development of free oxygen was crucial to the emergence of life on earth because it led to the formation of

A

Ozone which screen earth from harmful incoming UV radiation

93
Q

____ era 300 million year ago to six period.

Fossil with hard body organisms showed up, rise is sea levels and marine life.

A

Palezoic

94
Q

_____ 543 to 490 Ma Hard bodied organism Forming outer skeleton

A

Cambrian period

95
Q

______ 490 to 443 Ma Emergence of vertebrates (jaw less fish) Landmasses on journey to become southern continent of Gondwanaland

A

Ordovician period

96
Q

______ 443 to 417 ma terrestrial life- plants, scorpions, and millipedes

A

Silurian period

97
Q

_____ known as the “age of the fish” 417 to 354 north America join the northern hemisphere “Pangaea”

A

Devonian period

98
Q

Deposition of sediment with each layer younger than they layer below is referred to as the principle of
A. nonconformity
B. superposition
C. original horizontality

A

B. superposition

99
Q

A surface of erosion between rocks that represent a gap in the Earths history is
A. a faunal conformity
B. an unconformity
C. called a dike

A

B. an unconformity

100
Q 
If the half-life of some radioactive element is 1 billion years, and a mass of rock originally contained 100g of that element, how many grams of the radioactive element would be left after two billion years had passed?
A 6.25
B.12.5
C.25
D. 50
A

C.25

101
Q

The _____ is the idea or concept that ancient life forms succeeded each other in a definite, evolutionary pattern and that the contained assemblage of fossils can determine geologic ages of strata?
A law of fossil regression
B principle of faunal succession
C principle of cross correlation

A

B principle of faunal succession

102
Q

During the Precambrian. the development of the ozone layer helped
A promote the emergence stromatlites
B to shield the Earths surface from harmful uv radiation
C. Promote the development of anaerobic organisms

A

B to shield the Earths surface from harmful uv radiation

103
Q

The most important event that marks the beginning of the Paleozoic Era was the
A. emergence of the trilobite.
B. ability of organisms to form an outer skeleton
C. ability of the organisms to develop lungs

A

B. ability of organisms to form an outer skeleton

104
Q

The most common Precambrian fossils are ____, layered mounds of calcium carbonate.
A. trilobites
B. porkaryotes
C stromatolites

A

C stromatolites

105
Q

Which one of the following represent the greatest expanse of geological time?
A. Paleozoic
B. Mesozoic
C. Precambrian

A

C. Precambrian

106
Q

The ______ period 354 to 290 Ma

Insects moving to land, Amniote egg key to reptiles

A

Carboniferous

107
Q

The ___ Period 290 to 248 Ma

Extinction of 95% marine species. 70% land species

A

Permian

108
Q

Causes of extinction in Permian period

A

Redistribution of water and land
Changes in land mass elevation
Climate change
Lowering of sea levels

109
Q

_____ era 180 million years from 248 million about 65 million years ago
Three Periods Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous
Often call the “age of the reptiles”

A

Mesozoic

110
Q

____ breaking up of Pangaea, Flowering plants, 1st true reptiles, insects

A

Mesozoic

111
Q

How did Mesozoic era end

A

Large asteroid or comet struck earth

extensive volcanism occurred came out of the fissure cracks in the earth (gas in the air)

112
Q

_____ 65 million years ago to present know mammals

Two Periods Tertiary, Quaternary

A

Cenozoic era

113
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_ era
Climates cooled
Glaciation in temperature 
1/3 of land covered by ice
Marine mammals and large land
Humans
Multiple ice ages
A

Cenozoic

114
Q

Glaciation during the Cenozoic resulted in
A. lowering of sea level world wide
B. carving of the Swiss Alps
C land bridge connections between various continents
D all of the above

A

D all of the above

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