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intergrated > Plate tectonics > Flashcards

Plate tectonics Flashcards

1
Q

Focus

A

spot inside the earth where the rock breaks

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2
Q

Epicenter

A

Spot on the surface of the earth directly above the focus

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3
Q

Seismic wave

A

Rock under the earth surface moves or breaks, energy travels in this form

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4
Q

earthquake

A

the ground to shake and vibrate

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5
Q

Primary (P waves)

A

move the fastest (compress and expand the material through which they move)

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6
Q

Secondary (S waves)

A

Move slower (vibrate the rock up and down or side to side) Cant travel through liquid

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7
Q

Rayleigh waves

A

rolling type of surface ground moves up and down

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8
Q

Love wave

A

horizontal surface motion is side to side

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9
Q

The most destructive earthquakes are caused by the passage of surface waves, because

A

they occur at the surface were the ground shakes up and down and side to side

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10
Q

Andrija mohoraovicic discovered (MOHO)

A

Mantle

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11
Q

Beno Guttenberg refined

A

Oldhams work by locating the depth of the core-mantle boundary

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12
Q

Mantle has two zone

A

lower part asthenosphere is solid but behavior is plastic like
lithosphere is upper includes mantle and crust and is cool and rigid.

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13
Q

Mesophere

A

lower mantle

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14
Q

Inter core is a

A

solid

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15
Q

outer core is a

A

liquid

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16
Q

Crust has two distinct regions

A

oceanic and continental

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17
Q

Isostasy

A

Meaning standing equal (gravitational and buoyant forces balance one another)

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18
Q

The earth’s crust is thicker beneath a mountain because

A

mountain sink until the upward buoyant force balances the downward gravitational force

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19
Q

Alfred Wagener (1880-1930)

A

Proposed that the continent were at one time joined together to from the super continent of Pangaea-“universal land”

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20
Q

Wagner evidence to support his hypothesis

A 
Jigsaw fit of continents
fossil evidence
Matching rock types
Structural similarities in mountain chains on different continents
Paleoclimatic evidence
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21
Q

Mapping of the ocean floor revealed

A

Huge mountain ranges in the middle of the ocean
Deep trenches alongside some continental margins
(Deepest parts of the ocean are near continents, and out in the middle of the ocean it is shallow)

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22
Q

Sea floor spreading (Harry Hess)

A

Sea floor is not permanent (constantly being renewed)
Mid-ocean ridges are sites of new lithosphere
Oceanic trenches are sites of lithosphere destruction (subduction)

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23
Q

Supports of seafloor spreading

A

Lava erupted at the mid ocean ridges is rich in iron
Magnetite crystals align themselves to earth’s magnetic field
Magnetic poles file- known as magnetic reversal

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24
Q

Plate tectonics

A

Lithosphere is divided up into 8 large plates
explains the changing surface features of the Earth
Continents move because they are embedded within the drifting plate

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25
Q

Theory of Plate Tectonics

A

Plate sections of the Earth are strong, rigid out layer-the lithosphere
Plate consist of uppermost mantle and overlying crust
Plates overlie and ride atop the weaker asthenosphere

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26
Q

Earths plate move in different direction and at different speeds

A

Oceanic plate tend to move faster

Continental plates tend to move slower

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27
Q

Plate tectonic

A

8 major plates
plates are in motion and continually changing
Largest plate is the Pacific Plate
Several plate include an entire continent and a large area of seafloor

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28
Q

Interaction between plate occur along

A

plate boundaries

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29
Q

Creation and destruction of lithosphere occurs

A

along plate boundaries

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30
Q

Earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains occurs along

A

plate boundaries

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31
Q

Divergent Plates magma generation and lithosphere (new) and

A 
Plates move away from one another
New crust is formed as lava fill in the gaps between plates
Sea floor spreading(mid ocean ridge)
On land (rift valley)
Shallow earthquakes
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32
Q

Convergent Plate Boundaries Magma generation and lithosphere destruction and

A

moves toward each other
Oceanic crust (basaltic) is destroyed
Continental crust (granitic) is deformed
Deep earthquakes

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33
Q

Transform Faults Boundaries no magma generation, no formation or destruction of lithosphere and

A

Plates slide past one another
Join two segments of a mid-ocean ridge
Are oriented perpendicular to mid ocean ridge
(permits plates to move from offset ridge segments)
Shallow but strong earthquakes

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34
Q

Oceanic -oceanic convergent

A

older and the denser plate descends beneath the other (subduction)
as the plate descends partial melting of mantle rock generates magma and volcanoes
If volcano emerges can form islands

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35
Q

Oceanic-continental convergent

A

Denser oceanic plate subducts beneath the less dense continental plate
As plate descends, partial melting of subducting rock and generates magma
Mountain produced by the volcanic activity from subduction of oceanic lithosphere and compression from convergence are called continental volcanic arcs

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36
Q

Continental-continental convergent

A

Continued subduction can bring two continents together
Less dense, buoyant continental lithosphere does not subduct
Collision between two continental blocks
The process products mountains

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37
Q

At plate boundaries

A

volcano, earthquakes happen 80% of the world earthquakes occur in subduction zones of the ring of fire

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38
Q

Earthquakes

A

occur on or between plate boundaries
Strain begins at depth as elastic deformation (bending)
Build up of stress exceeds the rocks elastic limits, the rock breaks
This is how faults are forms

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39
Q

Earthquakes are measurement

A

Richter scale measures the energy released on term of the ground shaking
Each increase of one unit on the scale is a ten-fold increase in amplitude

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40
Q

Tsunami

A

Giant sea wave or series of sea waves
Reverse faults earthquakes thrust the seafloor upward
Huge displaced mass of water drops back down to sea level and a large wave is generated

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41
Q

Three type of stress caused by interaction between plate boundaries

A 
Compression stress (push plate together)
Tensional Stress (slabs pulled apart)
Shear stress (slabs are both pulled and pushed_SLIDING)
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42
Q

Rocks responded to stress in 3 different ways

A 
Elastic deformation(returning to original shape Like a rubber band)
Brittle deformation (breaking)
Plastic deformation(flowing)
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43
Q

Syncline (with)

A

Layers tilt in toward a fold axis

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44
Q

Anticline (against)

A

Layers tilt away from axis

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45
Q

Foot wall

A

below

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46
Q

Hanging wall

A

above

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47
Q

Reverse fault

A

Hang wall Goes up the slide (compression, convergent)

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48
Q

Normal Fault

A

Hang wall drops (think of a slide) Tension, divergent

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49
Q

Strike-slip fault

A

rock slips past one another with very little vertical displacement-horizontal

50
Q

More that ___% of Earths water is Ocean

A

97

51
Q

Only ___% of Earths water is available to us as water (vapor, ground water, and freshwater)

A

1

52
Q

Hydrological Cycle Earths water are constantly circulating the driving forces are

A

Heat from the sun and force of gravity

53
Q

Processes involved in the hydro-logic cycle

A 
Evaporation
Precipitation
Infiltration ( soak up water)
Runoff
Transpiration(plants release water)
54
Q

Groundwater occurs in the

A

saturation zone (water has filled all pore spaces)

55
Q

Soil moisture is above the

A

saturation zone in the unsaturated zone

56
Q

The water table is the boundary between

A

saturation zone and unsaturated zone

57
Q

Depth of water table varies with

A

precipitation and climate (Zero in marshes and swamps and hundreds of meters in some deserts)

58
Q

Perennial lakes and streams the water table is

A

above the land surface

59
Q

Water table tends to rise and fall with the surface of

A

topography (shape of the land )

60
Q

Porosity ratio

A

open space in the soil sediment, or rock to total volume of solid s plus voids- the amount of open space underground

61
Q

Permeability is the

A

degree to which ground water CAN FLOW through a porous material(higher permeability, greater potential for fluid flow)

62
Q

Aquifers are

A

reservoirs of groundwater

63
Q

Aquifers generally have high______ and high ______.

A

porosity, permeability

64
Q

Perched water table occurs when

A

discontinuous, low-permeability layers in an unconfined aquifer intercept percolating water above the water table

65
Q

Land Subsidence

A

extreme ground water withdrawal by pumping from wells can result in lowering of the land

66
Q

Caverns and Cave (Ground water has carved out magnificent caves and caverns

A

Dissolving action of ground water “eats away” at rock mostly limestone
Rain water chemically reacts with CO2 in the air and soil, producing carbonic acid.

67
Q

Karst regions

A

are soft rolling hills or sharp, rugged surface (these areas are where sinkholes, caves and caverns define the land surface.

68
Q

Sinkhole are

A

funnel shaped cavities in the ground that are open to the sky They form from conditions of drought and the over withdrawal of groundwater

69
Q

Surface water

A

streams, lakes, and reservoirs

70
Q

Infiltration of water is controlled by

A 
Intensity and duration of precipitation
Prior wetness condition of the soil
Soil type
Slope of the land
Nature of the vegetative cover
71
Q

Erosion

A

Erosive sculpting action carves the lands surface

72
Q

Deposition

A

Shapes the land as sediment is deposited

73
Q

Fast water transports sediment Slow

A

water deposits sediment

74
Q

Factors that determine velocity (speed)

A 
Slope-gradient
Channel characteristics (size and shape)
Discharge-volume of water moving past a given point in a certain amount of time
75
Q

Stream speed usually not constant along length of a stream. As the stream moves down slope, the gradient ____ and the channel widens. Discharge usually increases as tributaries add water

A

decrease

76
Q

Stream erosion

A

loosely consolidated particles are lifted by abrasion and dissolution

77
Q

Stronger currents

A

have higher energy, lifting and transport more and bigger particles, turbulent versus laminar flow

78
Q

Drainage basin

A

they land area that contributes water to a stream

79
Q

Continental divide

A

Is the divide of the drainage basin

80
Q

ABRASION

A

occurs when sediment and particles scour a channel

81
Q

HYDRAULIC

A

erodes and moves great quantities of sediment and rock

82
Q

Laminar flow

A

can lift and carry only the very smallest and lightest particles

83
Q

Turbulent flow can

A

move and carry range of particles sizes Making water murky

84
Q

V shaped mountains

A

Fast moving rapids and beautiful waterfalls are characteristic

85
Q

Water speed varies within a channel …

A

It is slower along the stream bed and greater near the surface. Maximum flow speed occur mid-channel

86
Q

Floodplain

A

Meandering streams create a wide belt of almost flat land

87
Q

Natural levees

A

when flooding occurs, sediment is deposited in the flood plain. Large coarse sediment creates natural levees

88
Q

Delta

A

is where a flowing stream meets a standing body of water. The flow slows down and the stream dumps sediment

89
Q

Glaciers are powerful agents of

A

erosion and deposition. Glaciers plow and scrape and pluck up rock and sediment. Glaciers are like a sled as it carries its heavy load to distant places

90
Q

Two types of glaciers

A

Alpine-mountains

Continental- cover a continent Greenland or Antarctica

91
Q

U shape valley are formed by

A

Glaciers

92
Q

till

A

When glaciers ice melts, it drops a poorly sorted, heterogeneous load of boulders, pebbles, sand, and clay

93
Q

Accumulation

A

makes the glacier grow

94
Q

ablation

A

as ice melts, sublimates, or breaks off

95
Q

wind blows everywhere, impact on sculpting the land is minor

A

Strong winds frequently
vegetation is sparse or absent
surface particles are small

96
Q

Basel sliding

A

melting water at the base of the glacier

97
Q

Seismic waves are classified as body waves and surface waves. An example of a body wave is a

A

primary waves (P waves)

98
Q

The fastest seismic wave is a

A

primary wave P wave

99
Q

Secondary waves can travel through all areas of the earths except

A

Outer core (made of liquid)

100
Q

When earthquakes occurs, energy radiates in all direction form its source. The source is also referred to as the

A

focus

101
Q

The founding of the theory of continental drift is credited to

A

Alfred Wegener

102
Q

According to the theory of seafloor spreading, molten rock is rising up along

A

mid ocean ridges

103
Q

The ocean crust becomes progressively

A

older away from the mid ocean ridges

104
Q

Evidence supporting the existence of the Pangaea

A

Geometrical fit between south America and Africa
Late Paleozoic Glacial features
Similar fossils on different continents

105
Q

Magnetic surveys of the ocean floor reveal

A

alternating strips of normal and reversed polarity paralleling the mid-Atlantic ridge

106
Q

The theory of plate tectonics state that

A

the lithosphere is broken up into several plates that move as a result of convective motion in the asthenosphere

107
Q

_______most effectively outline the edges of the lithosphere plates

A

Lines of earthquakes epicenters

108
Q

Which type of convergence will result in a volcanic island arc

A

Oceanic to oceanic

109
Q

The amount water able to be contained in the subsurface depends on

A

permeability

110
Q

A rock’s permeability can be described by its

A

density

111
Q

The region above the zone of saturation is called

A

Zone of aeration

112
Q

When a perched water table intersects the surface on a hillside, the result is

A

a spring

113
Q

A rock that is readily attacked by chemical weathering is

A

Limestone

114
Q

If you were to examine the profile of a typical river, you would probably find that the gradient is

A

Steepest near the head

115
Q

Which of the following is associated with area of karst topography

A

Caverns soluble rock and sinkhole

116
Q

What is infiltration

A

Water soaking into the ground

117
Q

The most important agent of erosion is

A

Water

118
Q

The typical mountain valley that has been subjected to glaciation is shaped like

A

U shaped

119
Q

Glaciers will retreat when the amount of accumulation

A

Is less than the amount of ablation each year

120
Q

Point bar typically form

A

On the inside bend of a curved stream channel

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