Test 2 Flashcards by anna kirch

What are the two requirements of information processing?

1) An organism must have units/cells that can be in one of two states
2) The state of one unit/cell must be able to influence the state of another unit/cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All living cells possess what?

An electrical charge

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why are brain cells special?

The have the ability to temporarily alteer their own polarity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two types of brain cells?

Neurons and Glial Cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pyramidal, basket, chandelier are examples of what type of brain cells?

Neurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the four types of glial cells?

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, microglia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What were glial cells originally thought to be used for?

support

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do glial cells do for support?

hold neurons in place, supply nutrients and chemicals, insulate neurons from one another, housekeeping

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do glial cells do for information processing?

regulate formation of new connections between neurons, control strength of connections between neurons, coordinate activity among sets of neurons, communicate amongst themselves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which glial cells function in the central nervous system?

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do astrocytes do?

provide structural and nutritional support for neurons, isolation of the synapse, debris cleanup, blood-brain barrier, participation in chemical signaling

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do oligodendrocytes do?

myelination of axons in CNS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do schwann cells do?

myelination of axons in pns

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do microglia do?

debris cleanup

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

oligodendrocytes inhibit what?

axonal regeneration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

schwann cells enable axonal regeneration after injury. Why is this important?

Allows reattachment of severed limbs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the steps to creating an action potential?

1) resting potential
2) Post-synaptic potentials
3) Action Potential
4) Refractory Period

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What a neuron is in the off state, it is _____ inside

negative

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens at the axon hillock?

The decision is made whether or not to act on a message

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the nodes of ranvier?

spaces on axons that aren’t myelinated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do the nodes of ranvier do?

regenerate positivity of the axon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why are unmyelinated axons slow?

They have holes that leak Na+, so channels have to continuously open to allow Na+ to come back in

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does Sarin do?

destroys acetycholinesterase, which breaks down acetylcholine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three classes of neurochemicals?

Neurotransmitters, neuromodifiers, neurohormone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a neurotransmitter?

A chemical released specifically on a dendrite to transmit a message

What is a neuromodifier?

A chemical that is released in a spritz and modifies a message

What is a neurohormone?

a chemical that floats through the bloodstream and acts on target organs or neurons

What are the two types of small-molecule neurochemicals?

monoamines and amino acids

Acetylcholine is a type of what?

It is in a group of its own!

What are amino acids?

ligands for ionotropic receptors

What are the most important chemicals in the brain?

amino acids

What amino acid is excitatory?

glutamate

Glutamate binds with what?

sodium ionotropic receptor

What animo acid is inhibitory?

GABA

What does GABA bind with?

chloride receptor

What are monoamines?

neuromodulators that tend to be in the brainstem with projections throughout the brain.

What are some examples of monoamines?

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin

Where is acetylcholine found?

at the neuromuscular junctions and in the CNS

Neurotransmitters specifically act on neurons in immediate vicinity through what?

directed synapses

Neuromodulators diffusely act on more distant neurons through what?

nondirected synapses

What do agonists do?

increase or facilitate activity of a neurochemical

What do antagonists do?

decrease or inhibit activity of a neurochemical

What drugs act as an agonist for GABA?

Benzodiazepines, alcohol, barbiturate, extracellular fluid

What do GABA agonists do?

They inhibit brain activity

In the PNS, acetylcholine acts as a what?

neurotransmitter

In the CNS, acetylcholine acts as a what?:

Neuromodulator

In the CNS, what is acetylcholine associated with?

learning and memory

What increases production of ACh?

Dietary choline

What does black widow venon do?

promotes ACh release

What does botulin toxin do?

blocks release of ACh

What does Nicotine do?

stimulates ACh receptors

What does Curare do?

blocks ACh receptors

What does Norepinephrine do?

Increases arousal and vigilance

What does Epinephrine do?

Regulates eating, blood pressure

What is serotonin associated with?

mood, hunger, sleep, arousal, pain, dreaming

What are the 5 serotonin agonists we learned about in class?

SSRIs, 5-HT, LSD, MDMA, Psilocybin

What does 5-HT do?

Increases raw materials to make serotonin

What does LSD do?

Causes heightened sensory processing

What does MDMA do?

Increases serotonin release and inhibits reuptake

Increased intake of foods containing ________ increases serotonin production

tryptophan

What does Reserpine do?

interferes with storage of serotonin

What can be helpful for PTSD and anxiety when complimented with therapy?

LSD and mushrooms

dopamine is associated with what?

movement, pleasure and reward processing

What are some dopamine agonists talked about in class?

L-Dopa, Cocaine, amphetamine

What is the Dopamine antagonist we talked about in class?

Clozapine

What are the two dopamine pathways?

Nigrostriatal DA pathway, Mesocorticolimbic DA pathway

What is involved in the Nigrostriatal DA pathway?

substantia Nigra to the nucleus accumens in the basal ganglia

What is involved in the Mesocorticolimbic DA pathway?

Ventral Tegmental area in the brainstemp to the limbic system and cortex

Natural reinforcers, like food, sex, low, results in increased dopamine where?

in the Nucleus Accumbens

Tonic levels of dopamine in the brain influence what?

The number of postsynaptic dopamine receptors

Chronic increased dopamine will result in the ______ of dopamine receptors

down regulation

What is L-Dopa used for?

crossing the blood-brain barrier to increase dopamine in patients with parkinson's

What does Cocaine do?

Acts as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor

The Nigrostriatal DA pathway is involved in what?

movement

The mesocorticolimbic DA pathway is involved in what?

pleasure

What is the safest way of drug administration?

Ingestion

In order for a psychoactive drug to have an effect it must do what?

Pass the blood-brain barrier

ACtion of most drugs are terminateed by what?

enzymes in the liver

What is metabolic tolerance?

Less drug is getting to the site of action, because it is being metabolized quicker

What is functional tolerance?

Decreased responsiveness at the site of action, fewer receptors, decreased efficiency of binding at receptors

What is caffeine?

An adenosine antagonist

What is nicotine?

A nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist

Cocaine

Dopamine agonist

Caffeine

Adenosine antagonist

Nicotine

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist.

Alcohol

GABA agonist