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biopsychology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two requirements of information processing?

A

1) An organism must have units/cells that can be in one of two states
2) The state of one unit/cell must be able to influence the state of another unit/cell

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2
Q

All living cells possess what?

A

An electrical charge

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3
Q

Why are brain cells special?

A

The have the ability to temporarily alteer their own polarity

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4
Q

What are the two types of brain cells?

A

Neurons and Glial Cells

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5
Q

Pyramidal, basket, chandelier are examples of what type of brain cells?

A

Neurons

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6
Q

What are the four types of glial cells?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, microglia

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7
Q

What were glial cells originally thought to be used for?

A

support

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8
Q

What do glial cells do for support?

A

hold neurons in place, supply nutrients and chemicals, insulate neurons from one another, housekeeping

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9
Q

What do glial cells do for information processing?

A

regulate formation of new connections between neurons, control strength of connections between neurons, coordinate activity among sets of neurons, communicate amongst themselves

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10
Q

Which glial cells function in the central nervous system?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia

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11
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

provide structural and nutritional support for neurons, isolation of the synapse, debris cleanup, blood-brain barrier, participation in chemical signaling

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12
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

myelination of axons in CNS

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13
Q

What do schwann cells do?

A

myelination of axons in pns

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14
Q

What do microglia do?

A

debris cleanup

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15
Q

oligodendrocytes inhibit what?

A

axonal regeneration

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16
Q

schwann cells enable axonal regeneration after injury. Why is this important?

A

Allows reattachment of severed limbs

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17
Q

What are the steps to creating an action potential?

A

1) resting potential
2) Post-synaptic potentials
3) Action Potential
4) Refractory Period

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18
Q

What a neuron is in the off state, it is _____ inside

A

negative

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19
Q

What happens at the axon hillock?

A

The decision is made whether or not to act on a message

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20
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

spaces on axons that aren’t myelinated

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21
Q

What do the nodes of ranvier do?

A

regenerate positivity of the axon

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22
Q

Why are unmyelinated axons slow?

A

They have holes that leak Na+, so channels have to continuously open to allow Na+ to come back in

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23
Q

What does Sarin do?

A

destroys acetycholinesterase, which breaks down acetylcholine

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24
Q

What are the three classes of neurochemicals?

A

Neurotransmitters, neuromodifiers, neurohormone

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25
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical released specifically on a dendrite to transmit a message

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26
Q

What is a neuromodifier?

A

A chemical that is released in a spritz and modifies a message

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27
Q

What is a neurohormone?

A

a chemical that floats through the bloodstream and acts on target organs or neurons

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28
Q

What are the two types of small-molecule neurochemicals?

A

monoamines and amino acids

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29
Q

Acetylcholine is a type of what?

A

It is in a group of its own!

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30
Q

What are amino acids?

A

ligands for ionotropic receptors

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31
Q

What are the most important chemicals in the brain?

A

amino acids

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32
Q

What amino acid is excitatory?

A

glutamate

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33
Q

Glutamate binds with what?

A

sodium ionotropic receptor

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34
Q

What animo acid is inhibitory?

A

GABA

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35
Q

What does GABA bind with?

A

chloride receptor

36
Q

What are monoamines?

A

neuromodulators that tend to be in the brainstem with projections throughout the brain.

37
Q

What are some examples of monoamines?

A

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin

38
Q

Where is acetylcholine found?

A

at the neuromuscular junctions and in the CNS

39
Q

Neurotransmitters specifically act on neurons in immediate vicinity through what?

A

directed synapses

40
Q

Neuromodulators diffusely act on more distant neurons through what?

A

nondirected synapses

41
Q

What do agonists do?

A

increase or facilitate activity of a neurochemical

42
Q

What do antagonists do?

A

decrease or inhibit activity of a neurochemical

43
Q

What drugs act as an agonist for GABA?

A

Benzodiazepines, alcohol, barbiturate, extracellular fluid

44
Q

What do GABA agonists do?

A

They inhibit brain activity

45
Q

In the PNS, acetylcholine acts as a what?

A

neurotransmitter

46
Q

In the CNS, acetylcholine acts as a what?:

A

Neuromodulator

47
Q

In the CNS, what is acetylcholine associated with?

A

learning and memory

48
Q

What increases production of ACh?

A

Dietary choline

49
Q

What does black widow venon do?

A

promotes ACh release

50
Q

What does botulin toxin do?

A

blocks release of ACh

51
Q

What does Nicotine do?

A

stimulates ACh receptors

52
Q

What does Curare do?

A

blocks ACh receptors

53
Q

What does Norepinephrine do?

A

Increases arousal and vigilance

54
Q

What does Epinephrine do?

A

Regulates eating, blood pressure

55
Q

What is serotonin associated with?

A

mood, hunger, sleep, arousal, pain, dreaming

56
Q

What are the 5 serotonin agonists we learned about in class?

A

SSRIs, 5-HT, LSD, MDMA, Psilocybin

57
Q

What does 5-HT do?

A

Increases raw materials to make serotonin

58
Q

What does LSD do?

A

Causes heightened sensory processing

59
Q

What does MDMA do?

A

Increases serotonin release and inhibits reuptake

60
Q

Increased intake of foods containing ________ increases serotonin production

A

tryptophan

61
Q

What does Reserpine do?

A

interferes with storage of serotonin

62
Q

What can be helpful for PTSD and anxiety when complimented with therapy?

A

LSD and mushrooms

63
Q

dopamine is associated with what?

A

movement, pleasure and reward processing

64
Q

What are some dopamine agonists talked about in class?

A

L-Dopa, Cocaine, amphetamine

65
Q

What is the Dopamine antagonist we talked about in class?

A

Clozapine

66
Q

What are the two dopamine pathways?

A

Nigrostriatal DA pathway, Mesocorticolimbic DA pathway

67
Q

What is involved in the Nigrostriatal DA pathway?

A

substantia Nigra to the nucleus accumens in the basal ganglia

68
Q

What is involved in the Mesocorticolimbic DA pathway?

A

Ventral Tegmental area in the brainstemp to the limbic system and cortex

69
Q

Natural reinforcers, like food, sex, low, results in increased dopamine where?

A

in the Nucleus Accumbens

70
Q

Tonic levels of dopamine in the brain influence what?

A

The number of postsynaptic dopamine receptors

71
Q

Chronic increased dopamine will result in the ______ of dopamine receptors

A

down regulation

72
Q

What is L-Dopa used for?

A

crossing the blood-brain barrier to increase dopamine in patients with parkinson’s

73
Q

What does Cocaine do?

A

Acts as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor

74
Q

The Nigrostriatal DA pathway is involved in what?

A

movement

75
Q

The mesocorticolimbic DA pathway is involved in what?

A

pleasure

76
Q

What is the safest way of drug administration?

A

Ingestion

77
Q

In order for a psychoactive drug to have an effect it must do what?

A

Pass the blood-brain barrier

78
Q

ACtion of most drugs are terminateed by what?

A

enzymes in the liver

79
Q

What is metabolic tolerance?

A

Less drug is getting to the site of action, because it is being metabolized quicker

80
Q

What is functional tolerance?

A

Decreased responsiveness at the site of action, fewer receptors, decreased efficiency of binding at receptors

81
Q

What is caffeine?

A

An adenosine antagonist

82
Q

What is nicotine?

A

A nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist

83
Q

Cocaine

A

Dopamine agonist

84
Q

Caffeine

A

Adenosine antagonist

85
Q

Nicotine

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist.

86
Q

Alcohol

A

GABA agonist

biopsychology (4 decks)

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