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Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific instruments are what?

A

sensory extensions

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2
Q

What is representationalism?

A

The brain representing reality

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3
Q

What is naive realism?

A

Thinking that the world is pretty much as it appears to be

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4
Q

What is constructivism?

A

The brain constructing reality

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5
Q

In constructivism, the world as we know it, depends on our ability to do what?

A

gather, interpret, and act on information in the environment

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6
Q

Differences in the type of senses, size and organization of the brain, and ways to interact with the environment will produce what?

A

Different realities

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7
Q

What is the scientific study of the brain and nervous system, in health and disease?

A

Neuroscience

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8
Q

Neuroscience incorporates what fields?

A

psychology, biology, chemistry, medicine, mathematics, physics, engineering, and computer science

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9
Q

What are the 5 levels of neuroscience?

A

Behavioral, network, synaptic, cellular, and molecular

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10
Q

What is the term for making a whole in the skull to allow the brain to expand?

A

Trepanation

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11
Q

Who started interest in the brain?

A

Aristotel

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12
Q

When did study of the brain begin?

A

the 1800’s

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13
Q

Franz Gall came up with what theory that was popular in the 1800s but highly inaccurate?

A

Phrenology

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14
Q

Phrenology was was started the idea of what?

A

mapping the brain

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15
Q

What was the first definitive evidence of a particular part of the brain having to do with ability?

A

Broca’s patient “Tan”

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16
Q

Broca’s area is responsible for what?

A

producing speech

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17
Q

Who had the idea that the fundamental unit in the brain is the neuron?

A

santiago ramon y cajal

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18
Q

What was the first non-invasive way to study the living brain?

A

EEG

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19
Q

When was EEG discovered?

A

1929

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20
Q

What does electroencephalography mean?

A

electric head measurement

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21
Q

REM is also called paradoxial sleep why?

A

because it looks like alert wakefulness that is tacked onto stage 4

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22
Q

What is brain stimulation?

A

artificial stimulation of specific brain regions and observation of resulting behavior.

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23
Q

What are the different types of artificial stimulation?

A

surface electrodes during neurosurgery, surgically implanted electrodes, repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation, and optogenics

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24
Q

What is the hippocampus important for?

A

encoding new memories

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25
What does TMS do?
applies a brief, strong magnetic field that alters neural activity
26
Deep brain stimulation is effective for what kind of patients?
parkinson's and depression
27
MRIs measure what?
brain structure
28
fMRIs measure what?
brain function
29
fMRI uses what method to determine brain function?
subtraction method
30
What is DTI?
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
31
What does DTI do?
Constructs maps of the brain's fiber
32
CT scans do what?
pass x-rays through the head
33
Older CT scans are only good for looking at what?
large structural abnormalities
34
fMRI gives us good information about what?
where in the brain that certain functions are done
35
What do PET scans do?
Use a radioactive tracer that is injected into the subject
36
fMRI tracks what in the blood?
oxygen
37
Why is fMRI not a great way of detecting lies?
You could game the system by thinking of another memory, or thinking of the time you made up the lie, which is then a memory.
38
DTI targets what?
axons that connect the brain
39
DTI is great for doing what?
isolating the impact of concussions
40
What is the blood-brain barrier?
tightly-packed cells of blood vessel walls that prevent entry of many molecules
41
The posterior cerebral artery serves what areas of the brain?
Occipital lobe, Parietal lobe, inferior temporal gyrus
42
The anterior cerebral artery serves what areas of the brain?
Anterior prefrontal cortex, superior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus
43
The middle cerebral artery serves what areas of the brain?
middle temportal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, Inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus
44
What provides physical protection for the brain?
Skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid
45
There are four large bones that make up the majority of the skull. What are they?
Frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone
46
The dura mater means what?
tough mother
47
Dura mater is located where?
Under the skull
48
The arachnoid mater is what?
spider-web like, sinewy fibers
49
Under the arachoid mater, is the subarachnoid space. What is located there?
cerebrospinal fluid and cardiovascular system
50
The pia mater means what?
pious mother
51
Andreas vesalius came up with what 3 terms?
cortex, gyrus, and sulcus
52
CSF is produced by what?
choroid plexus
53
What creates neural stem cells?
ventricular walls
54
Grey matter is on the ______ of the brain
Outer layer
55
What are the three parts of the brainstem?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
56
The brainstem is in charge of what?
Basic life processes
57
The reticular formation is located within the brainstem. What is it in charge of?
arousal
58
Where is the thalamus located?
On top of the midbrain
59
What are the functions of the medulla?
arousal, various
60
What are the functions of the Pons?
Arousal, various, audition, balance/position, sleep and arousal,
61
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
balance, motor coordination, cognition
62
What are the functions of the midbrain?
arousal, various, pain, motor, vision, audition
63
The thalamus is the what?
relay station
64
What does the hypothalamus do?
Links CNS to endocrine system for hormonal control
65
The hypothalamus is good for the "four Fs". What are they?
Fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating
66
What makes up the brain's volume control?
reticular formation, thalamus, and hypothalamus
67
When the volume control is damaged, what happens?
You enter a coma
68
What may cause hyperactivation of the brain's volume control?
psychotropic drugs
69
What causes dimming of the brain's volume control?
general anesthetics
70
What does the limbic system do?
regulated motivated behaviors
71
What is the hippocampus involved in?
episodic memory and spatial navigation
72
What is the amygdala important for?
emotions, especially fear and anger
73
What is the cingulate cortex used for?
the "oh shit" signal
74
The cingulate cortex is in charge of what?
decision making, error detection, emotion, anticipation fo reward, empathy, and pain
75
What are the 3 parts of the basal ganglia?
putamen, head of caudate, and globus pallidus
76
The basal ganglia is the what?
traffic light
77
What does the basal ganglia do?
selects and executes particular motor/cognitive programs
78
What is parkinson's disease a result of?
basal ganglia not receiving dopamine and not working properly to stop tremor movements
79
What is ADHD a result of?
Basal ganglia allowing too many things to come through
80
What is OCD a result of?
Red light is stuck on and other thoughts are not allowed in.
81
What is the reward center of the brain involved with addiction?
nucleus accumbens
82
How many layers to the cortex are there?
6 layers
83
Brodmann provided a map of the brain that showed how many different areas?
60
84
The posterior end of the brain has an area called V1. What is this responsible for?
vision
85
handwriting is stored where?
pre-motor cortex
86
What is the pre-frontal cortex involved in?
complex processing. Who you are. High level thinking. Behavior
87
The dorsal-visual pathway is primarily located where?
The parietal lobe
88
A1 is located inferior to the lateral fissure. What is it in charge of?
auditory senses
89
Why does vision take up the majority of space?
because we are visual creatures
90
The ventral visual pathway is a ______ pathway
what
91
The dorsal visual pathway is a ________ pathway
where/how
92
The prefrontal cortex is primarily \_\_\_\_\_\_
motor
93
The postcentral cortex is primarily \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
somatosensory
94
What is dorsolateral frontal syndrome caused by?
relatively mild head trauma
95
What are the symptoms of dorsolateral frontal syndrome?
Flat affect, perseverative behavior, mental regidity
96
People with dorsolateral frontal syndrom are at mercy of what?
environmental stimuli
97
What are the symptoms of orbitofrontal syndrome?
behavioral and emotional disinhibition, affect oscillating between euphoria and rage, low impulse control, low gratification, little concern for social taboos, no foresight of consequences of actions
98
What part of the brain is associated with disgust and interoception?
Insula
99
When does the prefrontal cortex mature?
21 years. This is why children are annoying and touch EVERYTHING THEY SEE
100
What happens to your prefrontal cortex when drinking alcohol?
It doesn't inhibit weird things
101
What is interoception?
Being aware of your internal states
102
What organisms had the first nervous system?
hydra
103
What were the first types of animals with brains?
chordates
104
What are dermatomes?
Stripes where you could lose feeling in if you have damage to your spinal cord
105
What are the two ways you can modify the activity of an organ?
make it work harder, or slow it down
106

biopsychology (4 decks)

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