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Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Monocots

A

Has one cotyledon in their seed coat

Flower parts such as the petals are in 3s or multiples of 3

The leaves have mostly parallel Venetian

They have no cambiums

The vascular bundles are scattered

Pollen has one aperture

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1
Q

Angiosperm

A

Flowering plants

Over 250,000 species

Has two large class: Monocots & Dicots

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2
Q

Cotyledon

A

The seed food for the developing young

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3
Q

Venation

A

Veins

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4
Q

Cambiums

A

Reproducing tissue

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5
Q

Aperture

A

Hole

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6
Q

Dicots

A

Have two cotyledons

Flower parts are in 4s, 5s, or their multiples

Leave has veins in some sort of network

There is a vascular and a cork cambium

Their vascular bundles are in a ring

Pollen grain can have up to 3 apertures and lots vary in size, shape, and form

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7
Q

Tissue patterns of Angiosperm (Herbaceous Dicot)

A

Soft, non-woody stem

Usually annuals (live for one season)

The tissue is mostly primary (simple) tissue

the vascular bundles are in a ring that separates the pith from the cortex

Parenchyma is the very center of the stem

In the vascular bundle, xylem is inside and carries water up

Phloem is on the outside and carries sap down

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8
Q

Tissue patterns of Angiosperm (Woody Dicot)

A

When young, the tissue resembles are Herbaceous Dicot. As it matures, secondary xylem or wood begins to form. Wood shows seasonal growth (annual rings). Spring wood produces large vessels and summer wood produces small vessels. These rings an be checked with an increment borer. As some trees age, parenchyma grows into the conducting cells. This forms tyloses (which stops conduction). Then resin, gum, and tannin accumulate and darken the wood. This dark wood is heartwood and doesn’t conduct. The outer light wood is still functioning sap wood. The bark, including cork cambium, and the Phloem is on the outside.

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9
Q

Tissue patterns of Angiosperm (Monocot)

A

Soft stems

The vascular bundle looks like a monkey face

Phloem (forehead) is on the outside (carries sap down)

The eyes and nose are Xylem

The cover (bark) is the epidermis

No cambium

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10
Q

Woody Stem Anatomy

A

Leaf arrangement can vary. It can be spiral (alternately arranged) or paired (oppositely arranged) or whorls (in arrangement of 3 or more leaves). Anywhere a leaf or branch arises, this is called a node. The space between two nodes is called an internode. The leaf has a stark or petiole. The angle between this petiole and the branch is called the axil. If a bud appears in this, it’s called the auxiliary bud. Buds may become stems or flowers and it is protected by bud scales. The terminal bud is at the tip of each branch. Bud scale scars are the rings that mark the location of a terminal bud in seasons passed. Stipules- tiny paired leaves at the base of the petiole. Leaf scar- shows the location of leaves in the past. In the leaf scar are tiny bundle scars that show the connection with the veins of the leaf. Lenticels- are little pores. Deciduous trees- lose their leaves in the fall.

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11
Q

Leaf arrangement (Spiral)

A

alternately arranged

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12
Q

Leaf arrangement (Paired)

A

Oppositely arranged

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13
Q

Leaf arrangement (Whorls)

A

In arrangement of 3 or more leaves

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14
Q

Node

A

Anywhere a leaf or branch arises

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15
Q

Internode

A

The space between two nodes

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16
Q

Petiole

A

Stark

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17
Q

Axil

A

The angle between this petiole and the branch

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18
Q

Stipules

A

Tiny paired leaves at the base of the petiole

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19
Q

Leaf scar

A

Shows the location of leaves in the past

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20
Q

Lenticels

A

Little pores

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21
Q

Deciduous trees

A

Lose their leaves in the fall

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22
Q

Reproduction of Angiosperm

A

Angiosperm are said to be heterospores (having two kind of spores). The flower is the reproductive organ. It can have both sexes. It can be separate on two different flowers on the same plant or it can be separate on different plants.

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23
Q

Reproduction of Angiosperm (Female)

Fill in Blank

A

When the flower is developing a diploid megaspore mother cell forms in the ovule. This undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid megaspores. Three of the haploid will disappear. The nucleus of the fourth, undergoes mitosis and the cell enlarges. As it enlarges it divides again. The 4 divide into 8 which separates into two groups of 4. One nucleus of each group of 4 migrates to the middle of the cell becoming a polar nuclei. In the group of three close to the micropyle, one becomes an egg and the other two are syjestes (they are destroyed). The three on the other end degenerate. This is the female.

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24
Reproduction Angiosperm (Male)
The male develops in the anther. Four patches appear and these are diploid micro mother cells. This undergoes meiosis producing tetyedford. The microspores become pollen grains. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stama. Fertilization can happen days, weeks, or months later when the union of the egg and sperm. With fertilization, the embryo is the result. Some embryos develop apomatically with the fusion of gametes. This includes dandelions and wild blackberries. In some plants, some embryo development from a ovule, not a zygote. These seedless fruit are called parthenocarpic. An example of parthenocarpic is naval orange, banana, and some grapes. The Thompen seedless grape are fertilized but the ovule is not developed.
25
Woody branches
At the top of each woody branch is a terminal bud or apical meristem. This dermit until the seeds begin to germinate. As the seed germinates, the apical meristem forms three primary meristems: 1) Protoderm- forms the epidermis 2) Pro-cambium- produces xylem and phloem and this includes the vascular bundle 3) Ground meristem- forms two kinds of vascular bundles. In the center is pith. For the outside is cortex. In woody plants, the second cambium, cork cambium, or the phellogen rises.
26
Three primary meristems:
1) Protoderm- forms the epidermis 2) Pro-cambium- produces xylem and phloem and this includes the vascular bundle 3) Ground meristem- forms two kinds of ____. In the center is pith. For the outside is cortex.
27
Specialized stems (Rhizome)
Horizontal stem below ground Example: Iris Bud
28
Specialized stems (Stolon)
Horizontal stem above ground Example: strawberry
29
Specialized stems (Tuber)
Eyes are nodes Example: Potato
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Specialized stems (Bulb)
Larger, fleshes leaves Example: Tulips and Onions
31
Specialized stems (Cacti)
Stud and fleshy
32
Specialized Stem (Locust)
Can have large spine and each spine is a modified spine.
33
Three Functions of the Roots
1) Anchor the plant to the ground 2) Absorb water and minerals 3) Store food
34
Roots | **7 questions on test, including listing
May be aerial or floating, but most are found in the soil. As the seed germinates, the radicle grows out and becomes the first root. If this becomes thick, it is a tap root (common to the dicots). If it branches into several smaller roots, it's called fibrous (common to the monocots). Fibrous roots are good for preventing erosion. A typical root has four different regions: 1) Root Cap 2) Meristematic Region 3) Elongation 4) Maturation
35
Tap Root **
Thick root Common to the dicots
36
Fibrous Root **
Branches into several smaller roots Common to the monocots Good for preventing erosion
37
A typical root has four different regions: **
1) Root Cap 2) Meristematic Region 3) Elongation 4) Maturation
38
Root Cap **
Thimble shaped mass parenchyma The cells are spherical in shape. This protects the root as it pushes through the soil. In the cap, Golgi bodies secrete a slime. As the root is pushed, the cap cells and the slime both are shed off. The cap also produces a weak acid that helps dissolve its way along. It also has amyloplast (plastids with starch) and gravity pulls these to the downside, thus the root displays gravitropism. When the tip is removed, root grows randomly.
39
Amyloplast
Plastids with starch Gravity pulls these to the downside
40
Meristematic Region **
Reproductive region It's made of the apical meristem. It increases hrs length. Cells can divide every 12 to 36 hours. Cells are small and cubed shaped. This does produce the cap.
41
Elongation **
Cells widen and lengthen. Vacuoles make up a big part of the cell. This pushes the root into the soil.
42
Root tissue
Is basically the same as in the stem. This includes: 1) A very thin CUTICLE 2) An one cell thick EPIDERMIS 3) CORTEX 4) ENDODERMIS 5) PERICYCLE 6) XYLEM 7) PHLOEM 8) If there is a cork cambium it does arise in the Pericycle
43
Cortex
Stores food
44
Endodermis
Inner boundary of the cortex
45
Pericycle
One cell layer that forms lateral roots Cells can still divide and this forms lateral roots
46
Xylem
Central core of 3 or 4 arms, that carries water up
47
Phloem
Bundles or patches between the arms Carries food down
48
Types of specialized roots
1) Sweet Potato 2) Propagative Root 3) Parasitic Root 4) Mistletoe 5) Nodules
49
Maturation **
Cells mature to tissues and begin to specialize for some function. Also called the root hair region (fine, downy, live about 3 weeks, function to increase the absorptive area).
50
Specialized roots (Sweet Potato)
Tap root for food storage
51
Specialized roots (Propagative Root)
When buds develop a longer root near the ground surface and this forms aerial stems called suckers
52
Specialized roots (Parasitic Root)
Usually are in plants with no chlorophyll
53
Specialized roots (Mistletoe)
Has haustoria or roots that grow into the host In the mistletoe, this takes water only from the xylem
54
Haustoria
Roots that grow into the host
55
Specialized roots (Nodules)
Common to the legume (beans) family These are small bumps on a root where bacteria fix nitrogen
56
Leaves
Solar factories of the cell Produce the food A flattened surface is called the Blade (covered by a single epidermis). Epidermis must be thin to allow light in the leaf (it may be waxy, fuzzy, wholly, scratchy, or crusty). The stalk of the leaf is the petiole. The midrib is where the petiole continues into the blade. The blade is where the plant respires (exchanges gases) and where it also transpires (gives off water). Both of these process occur through the stomata (pores), which are controlled by a pair of guard cells. These leaves can be arranged opposite or alternate.
57
Blade
A flattened surface Covered by a single epidermis Where the plant respires and transpires
58
Epidermis
Must be thin to allow light in the leaf
59
Leaf texture
It may be waxy, fuzzy, wholly, scratchy, or crusty
60
Petiole
The stalk of the leaf
61
Midrib
Where the petiole continues into the blade
62
Respires
Exchanges gases
63
Transpires
Gives off water
64
Stomata
Pores Which are controlled by a pair of guard cells
65
Legume
Beans
66
Simple Leaf
As an individual blade Has an enlargement at the base of the petiole
67
Compound Leaf
Has the blade divided into leaflets. This leaf may be: 1) Pinnately Compound 2) A few are Bi-pinnately compound (Ex: Locusts and Mimosa) 3) Palmately Compound The bump is at the end of the rachis
68
Pinnately Compound
The leaflets are in pairs along the center of the axial or rachis
69
Palmately Compound
All the leaflets are at the top of the rachis
70
Venation
Arrangement of the veins
71
4 types of Venation:
1) Pinnate 2) Palmate 3) Parallel 4) Dichotomous
72
Pinnate Venation
Where there is a single large mid rib and branches coming off
73
Palmate Venation
Several equal sized veins fanning out form base of petiole
74
Parallel Venation
Veins run side by side as in Monocot Grasses
75
Dichotomous Venation
Fork evenly coming from base Example: Gingko Leaf
76
Internal structure of leaf has three parts:
1) Epidermis 2) Mesophyll 3) ?
77
Internal Structure of Leaves (Epidermis)
Single layer that covers entire surface and protects inner layers. It has the stomata controlled by guard cells. May be in a thin, waxy coat of cutin making up the cuticle. Epidermis can be fuzzy, hairy, or waxy.
78
Internal Structure of Leaves (Mesophyll)
This is between the two epidermis. It's where photosynthesis occurs and it occurs in the Dicot. It appears as two types: 1) Palisade Mesophyll 2) Spongy Mesophyll Both is chlorenchyma Scattered through mesophyll are vascular bundles with bigger xylem and smaller phloem. Surrounding xylem and phloem is the bundle sheath
79
Chlorenchyma
Parenchyma with chlorophyll
80
Bundle sheath
Wall around xylem and phloem
81
Two types of Mesophyll:
1) Palisade Mesophyll | 2) Spongy Mesophyll
82
Palisade Mesophyll
Upper part that is log or barrel shaped This contains 80% of chloroplast
83
Spongy Mesophyll
Big loose cells
84
Types of Specialized leaves
1) Shade leaves 2) Tendril 3) Spines 4) Reproductive 5) Floral or Bracts 6) Insect Trapping 7) Storage
86
Specialized leaves (Tendril)
Curling extension for climbing and support Examples: Grapes and Peas
87
Specialized leaves (Spines)
In the locust the stipules are the spines
88
Specialized leaves (Reproductive)
Air Plant
89
Specialized leaves (Floral or Bracts)
Poinsettia do not have petals, the leaves serve as petals Dogwood Tree
90
Specialized leaves (Insect Trapping)
About 200 species They carry on photosynthesis The insects make up or element deficiency
91
Specialized leaves (Storage)
Lilies Onions Cactus
92
Specialized leaves (Shade Leaves)
Big, thin leaves for maximum sunshine

BIO 104 (2 decks)

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