Test 2 Flashcards
Monocots
Has one cotyledon in their seed coat
Flower parts such as the petals are in 3s or multiples of 3
The leaves have mostly parallel Venetian
They have no cambiums
The vascular bundles are scattered
Pollen has one aperture
Angiosperm
Flowering plants
Over 250,000 species
Has two large class: Monocots & Dicots
Cotyledon
The seed food for the developing young
Venation
Veins
Cambiums
Reproducing tissue
Aperture
Hole
Dicots
Have two cotyledons
Flower parts are in 4s, 5s, or their multiples
Leave has veins in some sort of network
There is a vascular and a cork cambium
Their vascular bundles are in a ring
Pollen grain can have up to 3 apertures and lots vary in size, shape, and form
Tissue patterns of Angiosperm (Herbaceous Dicot)
Soft, non-woody stem
Usually annuals (live for one season)
The tissue is mostly primary (simple) tissue
the vascular bundles are in a ring that separates the pith from the cortex
Parenchyma is the very center of the stem
In the vascular bundle, xylem is inside and carries water up
Phloem is on the outside and carries sap down
Tissue patterns of Angiosperm (Woody Dicot)
When young, the tissue resembles are Herbaceous Dicot. As it matures, secondary xylem or wood begins to form. Wood shows seasonal growth (annual rings). Spring wood produces large vessels and summer wood produces small vessels. These rings an be checked with an increment borer. As some trees age, parenchyma grows into the conducting cells. This forms tyloses (which stops conduction). Then resin, gum, and tannin accumulate and darken the wood. This dark wood is heartwood and doesn’t conduct. The outer light wood is still functioning sap wood. The bark, including cork cambium, and the Phloem is on the outside.
Tissue patterns of Angiosperm (Monocot)
Soft stems
The vascular bundle looks like a monkey face
Phloem (forehead) is on the outside (carries sap down)
The eyes and nose are Xylem
The cover (bark) is the epidermis
No cambium
Woody Stem Anatomy
Leaf arrangement can vary. It can be spiral (alternately arranged) or paired (oppositely arranged) or whorls (in arrangement of 3 or more leaves). Anywhere a leaf or branch arises, this is called a node. The space between two nodes is called an internode. The leaf has a stark or petiole. The angle between this petiole and the branch is called the axil. If a bud appears in this, it’s called the auxiliary bud. Buds may become stems or flowers and it is protected by bud scales. The terminal bud is at the tip of each branch. Bud scale scars are the rings that mark the location of a terminal bud in seasons passed. Stipules- tiny paired leaves at the base of the petiole. Leaf scar- shows the location of leaves in the past. In the leaf scar are tiny bundle scars that show the connection with the veins of the leaf. Lenticels- are little pores. Deciduous trees- lose their leaves in the fall.
Leaf arrangement (Spiral)
alternately arranged
Leaf arrangement (Paired)
Oppositely arranged
Leaf arrangement (Whorls)
In arrangement of 3 or more leaves
Node
Anywhere a leaf or branch arises
Internode
The space between two nodes
Petiole
Stark
Axil
The angle between this petiole and the branch
Stipules
Tiny paired leaves at the base of the petiole
Leaf scar
Shows the location of leaves in the past
Lenticels
Little pores
Deciduous trees
Lose their leaves in the fall
Reproduction of Angiosperm
Angiosperm are said to be heterospores (having two kind of spores). The flower is the reproductive organ. It can have both sexes. It can be separate on two different flowers on the same plant or it can be separate on different plants.
Reproduction of Angiosperm (Female)
Fill in Blank
When the flower is developing a diploid megaspore mother cell forms in the ovule. This undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid megaspores. Three of the haploid will disappear. The nucleus of the fourth, undergoes mitosis and the cell enlarges. As it enlarges it divides again. The 4 divide into 8 which separates into two groups of 4. One nucleus of each group of 4 migrates to the middle of the cell becoming a polar nuclei. In the group of three close to the micropyle, one becomes an egg and the other two are syjestes (they are destroyed). The three on the other end degenerate. This is the female.
Reproduction Angiosperm (Male)
The male develops in the anther. Four patches appear and these are diploid micro mother cells. This undergoes meiosis producing tetyedford. The microspores become pollen grains. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stama. Fertilization can happen days, weeks, or months later when the union of the egg and sperm. With fertilization, the embryo is the result. Some embryos develop apomatically with the fusion of gametes. This includes dandelions and wild blackberries. In some plants, some embryo development from a ovule, not a zygote. These seedless fruit are called parthenocarpic. An example of parthenocarpic is naval orange, banana, and some grapes.
The Thompen seedless grape are fertilized but the ovule is not developed.
Woody branches
At the top of each woody branch is a terminal bud or apical meristem. This dermit until the seeds begin to germinate. As the seed germinates, the apical meristem forms three primary meristems:
1) Protoderm- forms the epidermis
2) Pro-cambium- produces xylem and phloem and this includes the vascular bundle
3) Ground meristem- forms two kinds of vascular bundles. In the center is pith. For the outside is cortex.
In woody plants, the second cambium, cork cambium, or the phellogen rises.
Three primary meristems:
1) Protoderm- forms the epidermis
2) Pro-cambium- produces xylem and phloem and this includes the vascular bundle
3) Ground meristem- forms two kinds of ____. In the center is pith. For the outside is cortex.
Specialized stems (Rhizome)
Horizontal stem below ground
Example: Iris Bud
Specialized stems (Stolon)
Horizontal stem above ground
Example: strawberry
Specialized stems (Tuber)
Eyes are nodes
Example: Potato
Specialized stems (Bulb)
Larger, fleshes leaves
Example: Tulips and Onions
Specialized stems (Cacti)
Stud and fleshy
Specialized Stem (Locust)
Can have large spine and each spine is a modified spine.
Three Functions of the Roots
1) Anchor the plant to the ground
2) Absorb water and minerals
3) Store food
Roots
**7 questions on test, including listing
May be aerial or floating, but most are found in the soil. As the seed germinates, the radicle grows out and becomes the first root. If this becomes thick, it is a tap root (common to the dicots). If it branches into several smaller roots, it’s called fibrous (common to the monocots). Fibrous roots are good for preventing erosion. A typical root has four different regions:
1) Root Cap
2) Meristematic Region
3) Elongation
4) Maturation
Tap Root
**
Thick root
Common to the dicots
