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BIO 104 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Father of botany

A

Aristotle

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1
Q

Botany

A

Study of plants

French and Greek words

Plants were used for food, medicine, fuel, and fiber

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2
Q

Used marijuana and opium 4,500 years ago

A

Chinese

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3
Q

Began growing cereal grains and brewing beer by the 5th century (5000 BC)

A

Egyptians

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4
Q

Most of the early study was based on?

A

External features

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5
Q

With the invention of the ___ the cell and other areas could be studied.

A

Microscope

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6
Q

Today there are several plant areas that can be studied (regarding plants):

A

Plant Anatomy

Taxonomy

Geography

Ecology

Genetics

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7
Q

Define Plant Anatomy

A

Internal and external structure of the plant

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8
Q

Define Taxonomy

A

Grouping or classifying (Linnaeus- Father)

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9
Q

Geography

A

How/why plants grow where they do

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10
Q

Ecology

A

Interaction of plants with the environment

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11
Q

Genetics

A

Mendel- Father

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12
Q

Four Characteristics (that apply to MOST plants)

A
  1. Cell wall (support and structure), not just a cell membrane
  2. They carry out photosynthesis
  3. Have a vacuole (hollow). It may be water, food, or it may contain oils.
  4. Alternation of Generations
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13
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

To reproduce the plant may go through BOTH sexual and asexual

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14
Q

Plants are similar to animals in that they both ___?

A

Have the same organelles and chemistry

They both use mitosis and meiosis

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15
Q

Two parts of Protoplasm (living part of plants)

A
  1. Nucleus (control, brain, library)

2. Cytoplasm (contains organelles) (fluid-jellylike/syrup like)

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16
Q

Cell Wall

A

Outside cover of the cell

protection, strength, and support

Number and composition of layers vary

Main component- cellulose

Made of three layers: Middle Lamella, Primary Cell Wall, Secondary Cell Wall

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17
Q

Middle Lamella

A

Center

Contains lots of pectin

This begins as the mitotic cell plate

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18
Q

Primary Cell Wall

A

Has loose cellulose

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19
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A

Has cellulose, hemi cellulose, and lignin (found only in woody plants)

Thicker than the primary

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20
Q

Plasma membrane

A

12,500 make a sheet of paper

Outer boundary of the living part of the cell

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21
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Double parallel membrane with folds that form channels through the cytoplasm

Connects the nucleus to the outside

2 types: Smooth E.R. and Rough E.R.

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22
Q

Rough E.R.

A

Has ribosomes to make secrete and store protiens

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23
Q

Smooth E.R.

A

No ribosomes

Functions in lipid secretion

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24
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein factory of the cell

Found in E.R. and free in the cytoplasm

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25
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell

Supplies energy by respiration

They may get In Groups and move the energy

Occurs in many shapes, most with two membranes

Inner membrane forms folds called Cristae

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26
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Body

A stack of membranes (usually 5-8)

Make, collect, and package carbohydrates

27
Q

Plastids

A

Pigment structures for food making storage

28
Q

Chloroplast

A

Contains chlorophyll

The site of photosynthesis

100 per cell

Has a liquid part that contains enzymes called the stroma

Coined shaped double membranes called thylakoids and grana

29
Q

Chromoplast

A

About the same size as chloroplast

Contain carotenoid pigments (yellow, orange, and reds)

Developed from chloroplasts and chlorophyll disappears

30
Q

Leucoplast

A

Colorless

Primary for storage

If exposed to sunlight May become chloroplasts

31
Q

Three types of Plastids

A

Chloroplast

Chromoplast

Leucoplast

32
Q

Cell Parts (7)

A

Cell wall

Plasma membrane

Endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

Golgi apparatus

Plastids

33
Q

Why do leaves change colors?

A

In the summer, chlorophyll is the main pigment. When fall comes chlorophyll breaks down. Leaves start or change color.

34
Q

Four reasons for change in colors and fall:

A
  1. Lower temperature at night
  2. The sugar accumulation causes chlorophyll to break down
  3. Anthocyanin- pH
  4. As chlorophyll decreases, carotenoids are unmasked
35
Q

Micro tubules/Microfilaments

A

Thin, hollow, tubes forming the spindle and the cell plate of mitosis

Filaments- large and longer (involved with movements)

36
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center

It contains a cell membrane that is preamability

37
Q

Nucleolus

A

It is involved in the reproduction of RNA and are tiny bodies

38
Q

Chromatin

A

Where DNA is found

39
Q

Vacuole

A

Hollow spaces

It may contain pigment, food, or water

40
Q

Plant Tissues

A

A tissue is a group of cells performing a simple function

Meristematic
Non-meristematic

41
Q

Meristematic

A

Reproductive cells, growing, shape does change and there are 4 types of meristematic:

  1. Apical Meristem
  2. Vascular Cambium
  3. Cork Cambium
  4. Intercalary meristem
42
Q

Apical meristem

A

This is at the top of the root and stem and increases their length

43
Q

Vascular cambium

A

A thin cylinder that runs the length of a stem and increases diameter

44
Q

Cork cambium

A

Outside the vascular cambium

Runs the length of woody stems and roots

This produces new bark

45
Q

Intercalary meristem

A

Lengthening the grass

46
Q

Nonmeristematic tissue

A

Formed by the meristem

Change shape and size based on their function

47
Q

Parenchyma

A

Most abundant of all plant cell tissues

Found in every plant part

Usually spherical with space

Can have chlorophyll, then called chlorenchyma (tissue that makes up leaves) (edible parts of the fruits and vegetables)

48
Q

Collenchyma

A

Thicker walls

Just below epidermis for support

49
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

Functions when dead in support as stone cells (grit in pairs) and found in fibers (hymp)

50
Q

Secretory

A

Releases substances to the outside of a cell

Secretory tissue secretes oils, nectar, and resens

51
Q

Epidermis

A

One cell thick

Outer layers of just about everything

In roots it can form root hairs and in leaves (stomata -> pores) these pores are controlled by guard cells

Also forms the cuticle which is the waxy coat for protection

52
Q

Complex tissues

A

Xylem

Phloem

Periderm

53
Q

Xylem

A

Wood of tree

Conducts water up

54
Q

Phloem

A

Conducts food down

Thin layer just inside the bark

Conducts sugar water down

55
Q

Periderm

A

Cork or outer bark

May have Suberin (waterproofing fat)

56
Q

Phylum Bryophyta

A

Small, compact

No vascular tissue, no support tissue

Close to the ground

Do have rootlike structures (rhizoids) that’s anchor and absorb

No true leaves or stems, but have structures that equal them

Can reproduce asexually by fragmentation

Sexually they reproduce gametes during the gametophyte (sexual) stage

Male- Antheridium (produce many sperm)

Female- Archegonium (produce an egg)

Biochemical attraction makes the sperm go to the egg

The sperm requires water to reach the egg

Fertilization begins the sporophyte (asexual) generation

57
Q

Examples of 3 divisions of Bryophyte

A

Mosses

Liverworts

Hornworts

58
Q

Bryophyte

A

Have been used to stuff furniture, condition soil as moss, and absorb oil spills

59
Q

Mosses

A

Over 12,000 species

Largest group of bryophyte

The gametophyte resembles leaves

Not all moss is true moss (reindeer is a lichen)

Spanish moss is an angiosperm (related to the pineapple)

60
Q

Liverworts

A

Name comes from leaflike structures that look like liver lobes

6,000 species

The gametophytes can be leafy or flat and ribbonlike

Reproduce sexually and also asexually by forming Gemma cups which rain water detaches

61
Q

Hornworts

A

100 species

Name comes from a sporophyte (shaped like a horn)

62
Q

Psilophyta

A

Whisk ferns

The sporophytes have forking stems

Can grow up to 3 feet

No leaves or roots

The sporangia (spore cases) resembles small pumpkins and the spores grow to the gametophyte

They obtain food saprobically

63
Q

Lycophyta

A

Club mosses (not true mosses)

Resemble little Christmas trees with cones

The sporophyte does have leaves (not true)

True stems and true roots

One type of genius: celagenella (spike Mosses/ 700 species)

Club mosses have been used to stop bleeding, in old flash cameras, and as talcum powder

One example: resurrection plant (spike moss of the southwest) it dries, shrivels, and rolls up, when watered unrolls and turns green

64
Q

Sphenophyta

A

Equisetophyta

Example: horsetail and scouring rush

Does contain silica

Most are less than 4ft tall

About 25 different species

Leaves are scale like and tiny (fuse together at base forming a collar)

This collar tunes white with age

The stems are ribbed

They have pith when young (this breaks down forming hollow canal)

Outside this pith there are 2 rings:

1) . Carneal (inner canal/ conducts water)
2) . Vallecular (outer ring) dry in ground for flower, burned and ashes on burns

65
Q

Pterophyta

A

Ferns

11,000 species

Growing up to 82ft

Leaves of the fern called fronds (they occur in many arrangements because the require water for reproduction)

Usually found in wetter climates

The sporophyte is the most conspicuous part of the life cycle

It has fronds, a rhizome, and roots

When fronds first appear they’re called croziers or fiddle heads (these unroll, revealing the blades, and these blades are divided into pinna (these are attached to a rachis))

BIO 104 (2 decks)

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