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BIO 104 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Father of botany

A

Aristotle

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1
Q

Botany

A

Study of plants

French and Greek words

Plants were used for food, medicine, fuel, and fiber

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2
Q

Used marijuana and opium 4,500 years ago

A

Chinese

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3
Q

Began growing cereal grains and brewing beer by the 5th century (5000 BC)

A

Egyptians

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4
Q

Most of the early study was based on?

A

External features

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5
Q

With the invention of the ___ the cell and other areas could be studied.

A

Microscope

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6
Q

Today there are several plant areas that can be studied (regarding plants):

A

Plant Anatomy

Taxonomy

Geography

Ecology

Genetics

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7
Q

Define Plant Anatomy

A

Internal and external structure of the plant

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8
Q

Define Taxonomy

A

Grouping or classifying (Linnaeus- Father)

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9
Q

Geography

A

How/why plants grow where they do

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10
Q

Ecology

A

Interaction of plants with the environment

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11
Q

Genetics

A

Mendel- Father

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12
Q

Four Characteristics (that apply to MOST plants)

A
  1. Cell wall (support and structure), not just a cell membrane
  2. They carry out photosynthesis
  3. Have a vacuole (hollow). It may be water, food, or it may contain oils.
  4. Alternation of Generations
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13
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

To reproduce the plant may go through BOTH sexual and asexual

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14
Q

Plants are similar to animals in that they both ___?

A

Have the same organelles and chemistry

They both use mitosis and meiosis

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15
Q

Two parts of Protoplasm (living part of plants)

A
  1. Nucleus (control, brain, library)

2. Cytoplasm (contains organelles) (fluid-jellylike/syrup like)

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16
Q

Cell Wall

A

Outside cover of the cell

protection, strength, and support

Number and composition of layers vary

Main component- cellulose

Made of three layers: Middle Lamella, Primary Cell Wall, Secondary Cell Wall

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17
Q

Middle Lamella

A

Center

Contains lots of pectin

This begins as the mitotic cell plate

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18
Q

Primary Cell Wall

A

Has loose cellulose

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19
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A

Has cellulose, hemi cellulose, and lignin (found only in woody plants)

Thicker than the primary

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20
Q

Plasma membrane

A

12,500 make a sheet of paper

Outer boundary of the living part of the cell

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21
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Double parallel membrane with folds that form channels through the cytoplasm

Connects the nucleus to the outside

2 types: Smooth E.R. and Rough E.R.

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22
Q

Rough E.R.

A

Has ribosomes to make secrete and store protiens

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23
Q

Smooth E.R.

A

No ribosomes

Functions in lipid secretion

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24
Ribosomes
Protein factory of the cell Found in E.R. and free in the cytoplasm
25
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell Supplies energy by respiration They may get In Groups and move the energy Occurs in many shapes, most with two membranes Inner membrane forms folds called Cristae
26
Golgi Apparatus
Body A stack of membranes (usually 5-8) Make, collect, and package carbohydrates
27
Plastids
Pigment structures for food making storage
28
Chloroplast
Contains chlorophyll The site of photosynthesis 100 per cell Has a liquid part that contains enzymes called the stroma Coined shaped double membranes called thylakoids and grana
29
Chromoplast
About the same size as chloroplast Contain carotenoid pigments (yellow, orange, and reds) Developed from chloroplasts and chlorophyll disappears
30
Leucoplast
Colorless Primary for storage If exposed to sunlight May become chloroplasts
31
Three types of Plastids
Chloroplast Chromoplast Leucoplast
32
Cell Parts (7)
Cell wall Plasma membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Plastids
33
Why do leaves change colors?
In the summer, chlorophyll is the main pigment. When fall comes chlorophyll breaks down. Leaves start or change color.
34
Four reasons for change in colors and fall:
1. Lower temperature at night 2. The sugar accumulation causes chlorophyll to break down 3. Anthocyanin- pH 4. As chlorophyll decreases, carotenoids are unmasked
35
Micro tubules/Microfilaments
Thin, hollow, tubes forming the spindle and the cell plate of mitosis Filaments- large and longer (involved with movements)
36
Nucleus
Control center It contains a cell membrane that is preamability
37
Nucleolus
It is involved in the reproduction of RNA and are tiny bodies
38
Chromatin
Where DNA is found
39
Vacuole
Hollow spaces It may contain pigment, food, or water
40
Plant Tissues
A tissue is a group of cells performing a simple function Meristematic Non-meristematic
41
Meristematic
Reproductive cells, growing, shape does change and there are 4 types of meristematic: 1. Apical Meristem 2. Vascular Cambium 3. Cork Cambium 4. Intercalary meristem
42
Apical meristem
This is at the top of the root and stem and increases their length
43
Vascular cambium
A thin cylinder that runs the length of a stem and increases diameter
44
Cork cambium
Outside the vascular cambium Runs the length of woody stems and roots This produces new bark
45
Intercalary meristem
Lengthening the grass
46
Nonmeristematic tissue
Formed by the meristem Change shape and size based on their function
47
Parenchyma
Most abundant of all plant cell tissues Found in every plant part Usually spherical with space Can have chlorophyll, then called chlorenchyma (tissue that makes up leaves) (edible parts of the fruits and vegetables)
48
Collenchyma
Thicker walls Just below epidermis for support
49
Sclerenchyma
Functions when dead in support as stone cells (grit in pairs) and found in fibers (hymp)
50
Secretory
Releases substances to the outside of a cell Secretory tissue secretes oils, nectar, and resens
51
Epidermis
One cell thick Outer layers of just about everything In roots it can form root hairs and in leaves (stomata -> pores) these pores are controlled by guard cells Also forms the cuticle which is the waxy coat for protection
52
Complex tissues
Xylem Phloem Periderm
53
Xylem
Wood of tree Conducts water up
54
Phloem
Conducts food down Thin layer just inside the bark Conducts sugar water down
55
Periderm
Cork or outer bark May have Suberin (waterproofing fat)
56
Phylum Bryophyta
Small, compact No vascular tissue, no support tissue Close to the ground Do have rootlike structures (rhizoids) that's anchor and absorb No true leaves or stems, but have structures that equal them Can reproduce asexually by fragmentation Sexually they reproduce gametes during the gametophyte (sexual) stage Male- Antheridium (produce many sperm) Female- Archegonium (produce an egg) Biochemical attraction makes the sperm go to the egg The sperm requires water to reach the egg Fertilization begins the sporophyte (asexual) generation
57
Examples of 3 divisions of Bryophyte
Mosses Liverworts Hornworts
58
Bryophyte
Have been used to stuff furniture, condition soil as moss, and absorb oil spills
59
Mosses
Over 12,000 species Largest group of bryophyte The gametophyte resembles leaves Not all moss is true moss (reindeer is a lichen) Spanish moss is an angiosperm (related to the pineapple)
60
Liverworts
Name comes from leaflike structures that look like liver lobes 6,000 species The gametophytes can be leafy or flat and ribbonlike Reproduce sexually and also asexually by forming Gemma cups which rain water detaches
61
Hornworts
100 species Name comes from a sporophyte (shaped like a horn)
62
Psilophyta
Whisk ferns The sporophytes have forking stems Can grow up to 3 feet No leaves or roots The sporangia (spore cases) resembles small pumpkins and the spores grow to the gametophyte They obtain food saprobically
63
Lycophyta
Club mosses (not true mosses) Resemble little Christmas trees with cones The sporophyte does have leaves (not true) True stems and true roots One type of genius: celagenella (spike Mosses/ 700 species) Club mosses have been used to stop bleeding, in old flash cameras, and as talcum powder One example: resurrection plant (spike moss of the southwest) it dries, shrivels, and rolls up, when watered unrolls and turns green
64
Sphenophyta
Equisetophyta Example: horsetail and scouring rush Does contain silica Most are less than 4ft tall About 25 different species Leaves are scale like and tiny (fuse together at base forming a collar) This collar tunes white with age The stems are ribbed They have pith when young (this breaks down forming hollow canal) Outside this pith there are 2 rings: 1) . Carneal (inner canal/ conducts water) 2) . Vallecular (outer ring) dry in ground for flower, burned and ashes on burns
65
Pterophyta
Ferns 11,000 species Growing up to 82ft *Leaves of the fern called fronds* (they occur in many arrangements because the require water for reproduction) Usually found in wetter climates The sporophyte is the most conspicuous part of the life cycle It has fronds, a rhizome, and roots When fronds first appear they're called croziers or fiddle heads (these unroll, revealing the blades, and these blades are divided into pinna (these are attached to a rachis))

BIO 104 (2 decks)

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