Test 2

Question 0

Edward Thorndike

Answer 0

Box for cats (lever to get out of box)

Had to put cats back in box himself

Question 1

Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning

Answer 1

Classical Biological

Operant Learning is passive (operant learner must instigate behavior)

Question 2

Law of Effect

Answer 2

behavior followed by a satisfying state of affairs is more likely to be repeated.
A behavior that is followed by an annoying state of affairs is less likely to be repeated

Question 3

Skinner Box

Answer 3

Answer to Thorndike
Animal can live entire life without human interventon
Lever or button to create behavior
food dispenser
loud speaker
lights
water freely available
floor can provide shocks

Question 4

Operant Learing

Answer 4

tendency of a behavior to reoccur or not reoccur as a function of its consequences

Question 5

Operant

Answer 5

behavior being performed

Question 6

Reinforcement

Answer 6

increase in a probability that a response will occur

Question 7

Punishment

Answer 7

decrease probability that a response will occur

Question 8

Positive

Answer 8

a stimulus is added to the situation

Question 9

Negative

Answer 9

a stimulus is removed from the situation

Question 10

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 10

add something and behavior is more likely

Question 11

Negative reinforcement

Answer 11

remove something and behavior is more likely

Question 12

Escape Learning

Answer 12

tendency to repeat behavior that decreases or ends some aversive event from occurring (seat belt noise when its beeping)

Question 13

Avoidance Learning

Answer 13

tendency to repeat a response that prevents a potentially aversive even from occuring (seat belt noise before its beeping)

Question 14

Primary Reinforcers

Answer 14

stimuli that are innately (biologically/needed for survival) reinforcing
If need already met, may not work

Question 15

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 15

things in the environment that do not innately make a behavior more likely to occur, but are the result of learned associations or experiences
Token economy
normally weaker but will take longer to wear out
Don’t disrupt learning

Question 16

Generalized reinforcers

Answer 16

been paired with a variety of different primary reinforcers

Question 17

natural reinforcers

Answer 17

reinforcing occurrences that spontaneously follow from a behavior
tasting what you cooked

Question 18

Contrived reinforcers

Answer 18

reinforcing occurrences that intentionally given by someone for the express purpose of modifying or changing a behavior
bonus at work

Question 19

Premack Principle

Answer 19

higher probability behaviors reinforce lower probability behaviors

Question 20

Shaping

Answer 20

desired target behavior; every time closer to it positive reinforcement
parents and tantrums

Question 21

Chaining

Answer 21

trying to get 2+ behaviors into a single chain

Question 22

Forward Chaining

Answer 22

Keep moving reinforcer forward learining new behaviors

Question 23

Backward Chaining

Answer 23

last link and backwards

Question 24

Creativity

Answer 24

Genetics or learned

Question 25

Learned hlplessness

Answer 25

dog wall shock never able to get out remove wall still wont move

Question 26

Leaned Industriousness

Answer 26

if ever learned it can be okay, will try to find a way out

Question 27

Superstitions

Answer 27

associating something with a random reinforcer/punishment

Question 28

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 28

reinforcement delivered each time a behavior is performed | ideal for first learning a behavior

Question 29

Partial/Intermittent schedules

Answer 29

reinforcer not present every time behavior occurs

Question 30

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 30

any situation where reinforcer is performed a fixed number of times

Question 31

Post-reinforcement pause

Answer 31

pause where behavior isn't performed | as ratio goes up pause is longer

Question 32

Run rate

Answer 32

steep slope (how quickly behavior is done)

Question 33

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 33

reinforcement based on the number of behaviors you make but the number is random relatively no pauses

Question 34

Fixed Interval Schedules

Answer 34

Reinforcement given after fixed amount of time if the behavior is performed increased behavior when it comes closer to the interval

Question 35

Variable interval schedule

Answer 35

time is variable | not in control of waiting (always know there is waiting involved)

Question 36

Fixed Duration Schedule

Answer 36

continuously performed behavior with reinforcement after a specific period of time

Question 37

Variable duration Schedule

Answer 37

continuously performed behavior with some variable amount of time

Question 38

Duration Schedules

Answer 38

the continuous behavior will become reinforcing itself

Question 39

Fixed Time Schedule

Answer 39

Reinforcement after a fixed period of time even without behavior

Question 40

Variable time Schedule

Answer 40

variable time reinforcement even without behavior

Question 41

Progressive Schedule

Answer 41

number of behaviors to get reinforcement changes systematically over time

Question 42

Progressive ratio

Answer 42

fixed ratio that goes up or down

Question 43

Break Point

Answer 43

where in the schedule will the learner stop performing behavior delicate procedure, if you move too quickly learner may give up behavior

Question 44

Extinction

Answer 44

a previous reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced

Question 45

Extinction burst

Answer 45

short burst of behavior with extinction | aggression, emotional, resurgence

Question 46

Partial Reinforcement Effect (PRE)

Answer 46

behavior that is maintained on an intermittent schedule is more resistant/ or less likely to be extinguished than a behavior maintained on a continuous reinforcement schedule

Question 47

Discrimination Hypothesis

Answer 47

harder to discriminate between an extinction schedule and an intermittent schedule than an extinction schedule and a continuous reinforcement schedule

Question 48

Frustration Hypothesis

Answer 48

not getting reinforced for behavior is frustrating. However, in an intermittent schedule, feeling frustrated is a behavior that gets reinforced

Question 49

Sequential Hypothesis

Answer 49

with intermittent schedules, a sequence of presses without reinforcement becomes a signal that reinforcement is nearing

Question 50

Response Unit Hypothesis

Answer 50

PRE is not a real phenomenon, but appears so because we fail to take into account what the actual unit of behavior is using this, you see that continuous can actually be better

Question 51

Concurrent Behavior

Answer 51

options for behaviors on different schedules | quicker reinforcement more of the chosen

Question 52

Matching Law

Answer 52

amount of behaviors performed will respond almost identically to the rate at which the behavior is reinforced

Question 53

Self-Herding

Answer 53

making the same choice because you made that choice before