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Learning and Behavior > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Box for cats (lever to get out of box)

Had to put cats back in box himself

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1
Q

Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning

A

Classical Biological

Operant Learning is passive (operant learner must instigate behavior)

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2
Q

Law of Effect

A

behavior followed by a satisfying state of affairs is more likely to be repeated.
A behavior that is followed by an annoying state of affairs is less likely to be repeated

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3
Q

Skinner Box

A 
Answer to Thorndike
Animal can live entire life without human interventon
Lever or button to create behavior
food dispenser
loud speaker
lights
water freely available
floor can provide shocks
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4
Q

Operant Learing

A

tendency of a behavior to reoccur or not reoccur as a function of its consequences

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5
Q

Operant

A

behavior being performed

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6
Q

Reinforcement

A

increase in a probability that a response will occur

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7
Q

Punishment

A

decrease probability that a response will occur

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8
Q

Positive

A

a stimulus is added to the situation

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9
Q

Negative

A

a stimulus is removed from the situation

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10
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

add something and behavior is more likely

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11
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

remove something and behavior is more likely

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12
Q

Escape Learning

A

tendency to repeat behavior that decreases or ends some aversive event from occurring (seat belt noise when its beeping)

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13
Q

Avoidance Learning

A

tendency to repeat a response that prevents a potentially aversive even from occuring (seat belt noise before its beeping)

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14
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

stimuli that are innately (biologically/needed for survival) reinforcing
If need already met, may not work

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15
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

things in the environment that do not innately make a behavior more likely to occur, but are the result of learned associations or experiences
Token economy
normally weaker but will take longer to wear out
Don’t disrupt learning

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16
Q

Generalized reinforcers

A

been paired with a variety of different primary reinforcers

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17
Q

natural reinforcers

A

reinforcing occurrences that spontaneously follow from a behavior
tasting what you cooked

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18
Q

Contrived reinforcers

A

reinforcing occurrences that intentionally given by someone for the express purpose of modifying or changing a behavior
bonus at work

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19
Q

Premack Principle

A

higher probability behaviors reinforce lower probability behaviors

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20
Q

Shaping

A

desired target behavior; every time closer to it positive reinforcement
parents and tantrums

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21
Q

Chaining

A

trying to get 2+ behaviors into a single chain

22
Q

Forward Chaining

A

Keep moving reinforcer forward learining new behaviors

23
Q

Backward Chaining

A

last link and backwards

24
Q

Creativity

A

Genetics or learned

25
Q

Learned hlplessness

A

dog wall shock never able to get out remove wall still wont move

26
Q

Leaned Industriousness

A

if ever learned it can be okay, will try to find a way out

27
Q

Superstitions

A

associating something with a random reinforcer/punishment

28
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcement delivered each time a behavior is performed

ideal for first learning a behavior

29
Q

Partial/Intermittent schedules

A

reinforcer not present every time behavior occurs

30
Q

Fixed Ratio Schedule

A

any situation where reinforcer is performed a fixed number of times

31
Q

Post-reinforcement pause

A

pause where behavior isn’t performed

as ratio goes up pause is longer

32
Q

Run rate

A

steep slope (how quickly behavior is done)

33
Q

Variable Ratio Schedule

A

reinforcement based on the number of behaviors you make but the number is random
relatively no pauses

34
Q

Fixed Interval Schedules

A

Reinforcement given after fixed amount of time if the behavior is performed
increased behavior when it comes closer to the interval

35
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

time is variable

not in control of waiting (always know there is waiting involved)

36
Q

Fixed Duration Schedule

A

continuously performed behavior with reinforcement after a specific period of time

37
Q

Variable duration Schedule

A

continuously performed behavior with some variable amount of time

38
Q

Duration Schedules

A

the continuous behavior will become reinforcing itself

39
Q

Fixed Time Schedule

A

Reinforcement after a fixed period of time even without behavior

40
Q

Variable time Schedule

A

variable time reinforcement even without behavior

41
Q

Progressive Schedule

A

number of behaviors to get reinforcement changes systematically over time

42
Q

Progressive ratio

A

fixed ratio that goes up or down

43
Q

Break Point

A

where in the schedule will the learner stop performing behavior
delicate procedure, if you move too quickly learner may give up behavior

44
Q

Extinction

A

a previous reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced

45
Q

Extinction burst

A

short burst of behavior with extinction

aggression, emotional, resurgence

46
Q

Partial Reinforcement Effect (PRE)

A

behavior that is maintained on an intermittent schedule is more resistant/ or less likely to be extinguished than a behavior maintained on a continuous reinforcement schedule

47
Q

Discrimination Hypothesis

A

harder to discriminate between an extinction schedule and an intermittent schedule than an extinction schedule and a continuous reinforcement schedule

48
Q

Frustration Hypothesis

A

not getting reinforced for behavior is frustrating. However, in an intermittent schedule, feeling frustrated is a behavior that gets reinforced

49
Q

Sequential Hypothesis

A

with intermittent schedules, a sequence of presses without reinforcement becomes a signal that reinforcement is nearing

50
Q

Response Unit Hypothesis

A

PRE is not a real phenomenon, but appears so because we fail to take into account what the actual unit of behavior is
using this, you see that continuous can actually be better

51
Q

Concurrent Behavior

A

options for behaviors on different schedules

quicker reinforcement more of the chosen

52
Q

Matching Law

A

amount of behaviors performed will respond almost identically to the rate at which the behavior is reinforced

53
Q

Self-Herding

A

making the same choice because you made that choice before

Learning and Behavior (3 decks)

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