Test 2

Question 0

What does a sense of self do

Answer 0

It allows you to make comparisons of how you are compared to society. Gives you a sense of awareness, content, schema, and self-esteem

Question 1

What are the components of self

Answer 1

Ideal, actual, ought, possible, undesired

Question 2

What is the self reference effect

Answer 2

A tendency to efficiently process or recall information related to the self. Schema is a part of that where we organize and use guides for information processing

Question 3

Define cognitive dissonance

Answer 3

Conflict between thought and behavior

Question 4

When there is cognitive dissonance what happens

Answer 4

You attempt to reduce the dissonance by changing your own behavior, change view of yourself, or you change the view of others

Question 5

What possible outcomes are there when you harm someone with cognitive dissonance

Answer 5

Kahn theory an example is the medical technician made a derogatory remark if he’s allowed to vent that to his boss there’s an increased dislike and hostility towards the person he made the remarks about yet if he’s not given a chance to vent then the dislike and hostility is not increased

Question 6

How can Cognitive dissonance be applied in real life situations

Answer 6

When someone has to do something that goes against what they believe there’s a dissonance that just created

Question 7

What is the over justification effect

Answer 7

Deals with intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation. there’s a sense of I am free, strong external motivators: been doing it because of that., without external motivators: i’m not doing it. implications: be gentle and rewards and punishment

Question 8

Explain believe in a just world

Answer 8

If someone’s in a bad situation we tend to think that he deserved it or it’s his fault something that they did but them in that situation. In other words the world is fair and people get what they deserve

Question 9

Explain Defensive attribution

Answer 9

Self-serving - success is internal and failure is external

Question 10

What about social comparison

Answer 10

We use downwards social comparison to feel better so we look at somebody who is worse off than we are yet we use upward social comparison when we want self-improvement. BIRG = basking in reflective glory

Question 11

What are the various self-esteem maintenance behaviors

Answer 11

Basking in reflected glory, cognitive dissonance, self handicapping, defensive attributions, symbolic self completion, over justification effect, and belief in a just world

Question 12

What is self handicapping

Answer 12

Deliberate creation of conditions by which failure can be attributed to causes outside persons control. An example would be if you went to a party and drank the night before a test and you don’t do well on the test you can say that it wasn’t you it was because you stayed out late. (failure is always external causes)

Question 13

Explain symbolic self completion

Answer 13

The basic assumption behind the process is that the various symbolic indicators of a person self-definition maybe substituted for one another (social identity is linked to self-esteem) for example if a ballplayer loses his advantage because of his age and then he’s going to start focusing in on something else that he does well

Question 14

What do we want to believe about ourselves

Answer 14

We are good, free, deserving

Question 15

Explain self focus and behavior

Answer 15

When reminded of values we’re less likely to do wrong

Question 16

What was the take away message and Dan Ariely’s ted talk predictable Irrationality

Answer 16

You should always question your intuition because what you think might be the best way to do it may not be the best way to do it

Question 17

Self discrepancy theory

Answer 17

There are three Selves 1) your actual self which is you today 2) ideal self who you want to be 3) ought self who you should be

Question 18

What is the process of your three selves

Answer 18

You have your actual self when you’re sad and dejected think about your ideal self and then you have your ought self when there’s guilt and fear and shame because you think you should be a certain way it goes right back to your ideal self

Question 19

What are the two parts that self is composed of

Answer 19

Awareness and content

Question 20

Why might we want to take control at the environment

Answer 20

The more perceived control we have a less stress that there is on us

Question 21

What is the illusion of control

Answer 21

Because people have a motive to master the environment they sometimes imagine that they have a greater control over events than is actually the case. For example someone may think they have a higher chance of winning the lottery if they picked out the numbers themselves rather than the numbers be electronically given to them

Question 22

A mildly and severely depressed individual appears to be less vulnerable to the illusion of control is this true or false

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What did Tony Robbins talk about in his Ted talk

Answer 23

You can know what to do and not do it so you need to make a decision by what am I going to focus on, what does it mean, what are you going to do, the Takeaway is contribute beyond yourself for a fulfilling life

Question 24

Defined effectance

Answer 24

Internal need to manipulate the environment.

Question 25

Explain DEci and Ryan’s self-determination theory

Answer 25

When self-determined people experience a sense of freedom to do what is interesting, personally important, and vitalizing. For example when they did the study about playing pinball machine and it was based on performance they played more where if it was not based on performance

Question 26

From self-determination theory what happens with various types of rewards and why

Answer 26

Because we want to feel free of outside pressures rewards can be controlling like surveillance deadlines competition or informational like merit-based

Question 27

Talk about the Darkside of the American dream

Answer 27

Highly central financial success aspirations and the first two studies were associated with less self actualization, less vitality, more depression, and more anxiety

Question 28

Explain entity theorist

Answer 28

They use performance goals or judgment and if there’s more difficulty they have helpless patterns

Question 29

Explain incremental theorist

Answer 29

Use of mastery goals or development and they have persistence

Question 30

What did Dweck’s study show

Answer 30

If you’re entity theorist and you’re given an easy task and told that you must be smart then when you’re given a hard task and you fail you feel shamed and when you choose a future task you want it to be easy. Yet an incremental theorist who was given an easy task and told you must’ve tried really hard when you succeeded then you’re given a hard task and fail you have optimism and you would choose a difficult task in the future

Question 31

What’s the difference between internalization and introjection

Answer 31

Internalization is when you personal values and accept them as a part of your own value system an introjection is when society demands that you take those values. An example is when children who identified with academic values have higher levels of mastery motivation and those who did it because of introjection

Question 32

Explain harter’s idea of self-concept and standards of competence

Answer 32

There are four basic domains in which people judge themselves throughout their lifespan: cognitive competence, physical competence, Peer acceptance, and behavioral conduct.

Question 33

What is temporal comparison

Answer 33

Temporal comparison is more of an autonomic process

Question 34

What is social comparison

Answer 34

When we compare self to others

Question 35

Give example of temporal comparison and social comparison

Answer 35

Very young children tend to use autonomous nonsocial standards but as children mature they shift to make more use of social comparisons.

Question 36

Define competence valuation

Answer 36

Assumes that when a high value is placed on competence, interest in an activity will be high. Situational variables and personal values are evaluated by competence valuation to determine importance and then it becomes an intrinsic motivation where you show interest

Question 37

What elicits control motivation

Answer 37

An event that reduces or threatens the person sense of being in control

Question 38

What is important about the desire for control

Answer 38

Shows that desire for control can initiate cognitive activity thereby illustrating one of the links between cognitive and motivation

Question 39

What is epistemic motivation

Answer 39

The motive to seek and obtain information or knowledge. The search for information served the more basic need to be able to predict and control our surroundings

Question 40

What happens to epistemic motivation under pressure

Answer 40

Once a feasible solution to the problem has been found you become close minded and resistant to all future information

Question 41

What is self efficacy

Answer 41

The belief in one’s ability to exert control over one surroundings

Question 42

What is the desire for non-control

Answer 42

Whenever a person anticipates an unpleasant outcome, the desire not to be in control of that outcome can override the normal desire for control.

Question 43

Who is Henry Murray and why is he important

Answer 43

Everyone has needs there are 3. Achievement, affiliation, and dominance or need for power. We also have needs that are nonconscious

Question 44

What is TAT and what is it used for and what is it good for

Answer 44

Themati Apperception test. Means to measure non-conscious tendencies. This test is when you have images that are placed up for you to interpret and tell the story of what they’re doing

Question 45

What was Atkinson contribution.

Answer 45

RAM = resultant achievement model. There’s a need to achieve and a fear of failure. High need for achievement yet moderate challenges will prefer feedback

Question 46

McClelland what did he argue

Answer 46

He used general theory of motivation. Motives are affectively based like emotional reactions and motives are learned through experiences

Question 47

What are the two types of motives

Answer 47

Implicit need or motive which are unconscious and tested by TAT. The self-attributed or values need which is conscious and tested by self-report

Question 48

How does personality develop according to McClelland

Answer 48

Personality is learned have emotions which have action tendencies

Question 49

What are sources on affective processes

Answer 49

Natural incentives, consummatory response, and learning occurs

Question 50

What is natural incentives source of affective processes

Answer 50

Inate and unlearned also an unconditioned stimulus

Question 51

What is source of affective process that is consummatory response

Answer 51

Unconditioned response and satisfaction or goal state

Question 52

Explain the learning occurs source of affective processes

Answer 52

Conditioned stimulus to the conditioned response or anticipatory goal

Question 53

Explain affiliate need

Answer 53

We need people, we need to belong, there’s a sensitivity to rejection, intimacy motive

Question 54

What is attachment theory

Answer 54

There’s avoidance and anxiety. Avoidance is where to what degree in I comfortable seeking intimacy and support? Comfort with closeness and dependency and anxiety is when you question to what degree and my concerns with rejection and their is fear and abandonment

Question 55

Explain terror management

Answer 55

From interpersonal to intergroup dynamics: in group identification or outgroup derogation

Question 56

What is the terror management hypotheses

Answer 56

Anxiety buffer hypothesis is cultural worldviews and self-esteem offer protection from fear of death and mortality salience hypothesis is threats to that fear will increase individuals desire to value own world views

Question 57

Explain terror management theory

Answer 57

We can become aware of our own vulnerability and mortality such as what we dislike it induces tear. Or when such fears triggered, we want to restore a sense of security. This is when we identify with in groups or derogatory groups or protects our self-esteem

Question 58

Explain the power need

Answer 58

Preference or readiness for impacting others. Interesting controlling situation or others. There’s a high need for power and a low need for affiliation this is bad. If there is a high need for power alone need for affiliation and low-power it is very bad