Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What does a sense of self do

A

It allows you to make comparisons of how you are compared to society. Gives you a sense of awareness, content, schema, and self-esteem

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1
Q

What are the components of self

A

Ideal, actual, ought, possible, undesired

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2
Q

What is the self reference effect

A

A tendency to efficiently process or recall information related to the self. Schema is a part of that where we organize and use guides for information processing

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3
Q

Define cognitive dissonance

A

Conflict between thought and behavior

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4
Q

When there is cognitive dissonance what happens

A

You attempt to reduce the dissonance by changing your own behavior, change view of yourself, or you change the view of others

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5
Q

What possible outcomes are there when you harm someone with cognitive dissonance

A

Kahn theory an example is the medical technician made a derogatory remark if he’s allowed to vent that to his boss there’s an increased dislike and hostility towards the person he made the remarks about yet if he’s not given a chance to vent then the dislike and hostility is not increased

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6
Q

How can Cognitive dissonance be applied in real life situations

A

When someone has to do something that goes against what they believe there’s a dissonance that just created

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7
Q

What is the over justification effect

A

Deals with intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation. there’s a sense of I am free, strong external motivators: been doing it because of that., without external motivators: i’m not doing it. implications: be gentle and rewards and punishment

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8
Q

Explain believe in a just world

A

If someone’s in a bad situation we tend to think that he deserved it or it’s his fault something that they did but them in that situation. In other words the world is fair and people get what they deserve

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9
Q

Explain Defensive attribution

A

Self-serving - success is internal and failure is external

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10
Q

What about social comparison

A

We use downwards social comparison to feel better so we look at somebody who is worse off than we are yet we use upward social comparison when we want self-improvement. BIRG = basking in reflective glory

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11
Q

What are the various self-esteem maintenance behaviors

A

Basking in reflected glory, cognitive dissonance, self handicapping, defensive attributions, symbolic self completion, over justification effect, and belief in a just world

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12
Q

What is self handicapping

A

Deliberate creation of conditions by which failure can be attributed to causes outside persons control. An example would be if you went to a party and drank the night before a test and you don’t do well on the test you can say that it wasn’t you it was because you stayed out late. (failure is always external causes)

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13
Q

Explain symbolic self completion

A

The basic assumption behind the process is that the various symbolic indicators of a person self-definition maybe substituted for one another (social identity is linked to self-esteem) for example if a ballplayer loses his advantage because of his age and then he’s going to start focusing in on something else that he does well

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14
Q

What do we want to believe about ourselves

A

We are good, free, deserving

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15
Q

Explain self focus and behavior

A

When reminded of values we’re less likely to do wrong

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16
Q

What was the take away message and Dan Ariely’s ted talk predictable Irrationality

A

You should always question your intuition because what you think might be the best way to do it may not be the best way to do it

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17
Q

Self discrepancy theory

A

There are three Selves 1) your actual self which is you today 2) ideal self who you want to be 3) ought self who you should be

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18
Q

What is the process of your three selves

A

You have your actual self when you’re sad and dejected think about your ideal self and then you have your ought self when there’s guilt and fear and shame because you think you should be a certain way it goes right back to your ideal self

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19
Q

What are the two parts that self is composed of

A

Awareness and content

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20
Q

Why might we want to take control at the environment

A

The more perceived control we have a less stress that there is on us

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21
Q

What is the illusion of control

A

Because people have a motive to master the environment they sometimes imagine that they have a greater control over events than is actually the case. For example someone may think they have a higher chance of winning the lottery if they picked out the numbers themselves rather than the numbers be electronically given to them

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22
Q

A mildly and severely depressed individual appears to be less vulnerable to the illusion of control is this true or false

A

True

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23
Q

What did Tony Robbins talk about in his Ted talk

A

You can know what to do and not do it so you need to make a decision by what am I going to focus on, what does it mean, what are you going to do, the Takeaway is contribute beyond yourself for a fulfilling life

24
Q

Defined effectance

A

Internal need to manipulate the environment.

25
Q

Explain DEci and Ryan’s self-determination theory

A

When self-determined people experience a sense of freedom to do what is interesting, personally important, and vitalizing. For example when they did the study about playing pinball machine and it was based on performance they played more where if it was not based on performance

26
Q

From self-determination theory what happens with various types of rewards and why

A

Because we want to feel free of outside pressures rewards can be controlling like surveillance deadlines competition or informational like merit-based

27
Q

Talk about the Darkside of the American dream

A

Highly central financial success aspirations and the first two studies were associated with less self actualization, less vitality, more depression, and more anxiety

28
Q

Explain entity theorist

A

They use performance goals or judgment and if there’s more difficulty they have helpless patterns

29
Q

Explain incremental theorist

A

Use of mastery goals or development and they have persistence

30
Q

What did Dweck’s study show

A

If you’re entity theorist and you’re given an easy task and told that you must be smart then when you’re given a hard task and you fail you feel shamed and when you choose a future task you want it to be easy. Yet an incremental theorist who was given an easy task and told you must’ve tried really hard when you succeeded then you’re given a hard task and fail you have optimism and you would choose a difficult task in the future

31
Q

What’s the difference between internalization and introjection

A

Internalization is when you personal values and accept them as a part of your own value system an introjection is when society demands that you take those values. An example is when children who identified with academic values have higher levels of mastery motivation and those who did it because of introjection

32
Q

Explain harter’s idea of self-concept and standards of competence

A

There are four basic domains in which people judge themselves throughout their lifespan: cognitive competence, physical competence, Peer acceptance, and behavioral conduct.

33
Q

What is temporal comparison

A

Temporal comparison is more of an autonomic process

34
Q

What is social comparison

A

When we compare self to others

35
Q

Give example of temporal comparison and social comparison

A

Very young children tend to use autonomous nonsocial standards but as children mature they shift to make more use of social comparisons.

36
Q

Define competence valuation

A

Assumes that when a high value is placed on competence, interest in an activity will be high. Situational variables and personal values are evaluated by competence valuation to determine importance and then it becomes an intrinsic motivation where you show interest

37
Q

What elicits control motivation

A

An event that reduces or threatens the person sense of being in control

38
Q

What is important about the desire for control

A

Shows that desire for control can initiate cognitive activity thereby illustrating one of the links between cognitive and motivation

39
Q

What is epistemic motivation

A

The motive to seek and obtain information or knowledge. The search for information served the more basic need to be able to predict and control our surroundings

40
Q

What happens to epistemic motivation under pressure

A

Once a feasible solution to the problem has been found you become close minded and resistant to all future information

41
Q

What is self efficacy

A

The belief in one’s ability to exert control over one surroundings

42
Q

What is the desire for non-control

A

Whenever a person anticipates an unpleasant outcome, the desire not to be in control of that outcome can override the normal desire for control.

43
Q

Who is Henry Murray and why is he important

A

Everyone has needs there are 3. Achievement, affiliation, and dominance or need for power. We also have needs that are nonconscious

44
Q

What is TAT and what is it used for and what is it good for

A

Themati Apperception test. Means to measure non-conscious tendencies. This test is when you have images that are placed up for you to interpret and tell the story of what they’re doing

45
Q

What was Atkinson contribution.

A

RAM = resultant achievement model. There’s a need to achieve and a fear of failure. High need for achievement yet moderate challenges will prefer feedback

46
Q

McClelland what did he argue

A

He used general theory of motivation. Motives are affectively based like emotional reactions and motives are learned through experiences

47
Q

What are the two types of motives

A

Implicit need or motive which are unconscious and tested by TAT. The self-attributed or values need which is conscious and tested by self-report

48
Q

How does personality develop according to McClelland

A

Personality is learned have emotions which have action tendencies

49
Q

What are sources on affective processes

A

Natural incentives, consummatory response, and learning occurs

50
Q

What is natural incentives source of affective processes

A

Inate and unlearned also an unconditioned stimulus

51
Q

What is source of affective process that is consummatory response

A

Unconditioned response and satisfaction or goal state

52
Q

Explain the learning occurs source of affective processes

A

Conditioned stimulus to the conditioned response or anticipatory goal

53
Q

Explain affiliate need

A

We need people, we need to belong, there’s a sensitivity to rejection, intimacy motive

54
Q

What is attachment theory

A

There’s avoidance and anxiety. Avoidance is where to what degree in I comfortable seeking intimacy and support? Comfort with closeness and dependency and anxiety is when you question to what degree and my concerns with rejection and their is fear and abandonment

55
Q

Explain terror management

A

From interpersonal to intergroup dynamics: in group identification or outgroup derogation

56
Q

What is the terror management hypotheses

A

Anxiety buffer hypothesis is cultural worldviews and self-esteem offer protection from fear of death and mortality salience hypothesis is threats to that fear will increase individuals desire to value own world views

57
Q

Explain terror management theory

A

We can become aware of our own vulnerability and mortality such as what we dislike it induces tear. Or when such fears triggered, we want to restore a sense of security. This is when we identify with in groups or derogatory groups or protects our self-esteem

58
Q

Explain the power need

A

Preference or readiness for impacting others. Interesting controlling situation or others. There’s a high need for power and a low need for affiliation this is bad. If there is a high need for power alone need for affiliation and low-power it is very bad