Test 2 Flashcards
Presidents during Progressive Era
Roosevelt, Taft, then Wilson
How did Teddy Roosevelt come to power?
McKinley assasinated dies from infection.
“that damn cowboys in the white house”
Teddy Roosevelt
Who was known for virility and male-ness?
Teddy Roosevelt
What were some of the issues of progressivism?
- child labor (eliminate or regulate)
- workers compensation
- Go after urban slums/ poverty
- Advocate for womens right to vote
- birth control movement
- urban environment→ poverty, smaller families favored
- prohibition
- claimed that immigrants are bringing alcoholism
- regulation railroads, telephones, telegraphs
- worked for lower tariffs (had gotten to 52%)
- democratize the system
- direct election of senators (late Taft, early Wilson)
- graduated income tax
What was the problem with the progressive era?
-Racism not addressed
Argument against imperialism
fosters and encourages racial divide
Example of laws passed on segregation
South Carolina
- textile factory work - blacks and whites couldn't: take breaks at the same time, use same entrance/exits, same assembly line, look out same window
What children were excluded and where?
-segregation of Chinese (west coast)
What happened involving Japan and school children?
Roosevelt wanted good relations with Japan
Roosevelt says to San Francisco council, “I’d rather you not do that.”
-1907: Gentleman’s agreement (nothing legally binding)
African Americans were the biggest problem among ___
ppor whites. afraid they were moving up. competition
When one black man purchased a car, what happened
African American farmer/ daughter: Bought new car, drove into town. Sexually molested daughter, set fire to car. “Don’t think you’re like us.”
Who were the reforms? and why did they promote certain aspects of reform?
Middle class reformers pushing for reform to save their own skin and avoid a social revolution
What happened when a Radical union began to form at the Ford motor company?
Announces a nickel raise
- union never forms, falls apart. - so excited by nickel, forgets they want the dime - gets loyal workers - might run competition out of business
Who was Booker T. Washington?
Booker T. Washington
son of former slaves
born in deep south
witnessed lynchings. Seen fear
gradualist
figure out from bottom up, how to integrate
as much dignity in tilling field as writing poem
Who was WEB Dubois?
More of an activist
Higher education was key to success
Founded in 1905 to start Niagara Movement
Equal rights/voting rights
Best way to enforce equal rights/ voting rights
Get education and political power
Who founded the Tuskagee Institute and what was it?
Booker T. Washington
Working with hands
Infamous for scientific experiments (took people from there)
Siphilus—infected, studied, and then claimed they would be “cured”
What was the NAACP, who founded it?
WEB Dubois in part
National association for the advancement of colored people
Whats true about Teddy Roosevelts background?
Came from a lot of money—doesn’t have to worry about occupation
Game hungter, explorer, zoologist, writes 38 books, tried to be a cowboy in
the Dakotas
“when _____ attends a wedding, he wants to be the bride. When he
attends a funeral, he wants to be the corpse”
Teddy Roosevelt
Who called themselves a trust buster?
Teddy Roosevelt
Where was Teddy’s largest imprint?
1902—large strike of miners
Result of the miner strike?
10% wage increases. Cost of coal increases. Coal mining union didn’t achieve recognition.
What was Roosevelts lasting legacy?
- Conserve wildlife resources
puts up monuments (executive power) to preserve the land around it - in response to public pressure
Journalists took on progressive causes—child labor, government corruption, sweat shops. “muck rakers”
What resulted in the Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act?
Upton Sinclair’s book The Jungle
What was Taft like as a person?
very different personality. Shy, not as comfortable as public.
-describes Roosevelt as a “mosquito”
What were some things left behind by taft?
- busts far more trusts than Roosevelt
- backs safety regulations for railroads and mines
- mandates an 8 hour workday for government employees
- mandates employer liability for government employees
- further beefs up interstate commerce act and commission
- further tightens loop holes
- creates a childrens burrough in governments
Who ran in the 1912 election?
Roosevelt wants to make a comeback (Bull moose)
Woodrow Wilson- democrat
Eugene Debs
“Let it be understood that I owe you nothing, god has ordained that I
be president.
Woodrow Wilson
What drives the 1912 election?
We are becoming a world power Roosevelt—male virility Wilson—moral duty To uplift filipines To put children onto orphan trains
The first time the tariff had been lowered since the civil war happened during ____
Woodrow Wilson’s presidency
Federal Bank act of 1913
First national bank system
U.S is coast to coast
Controls the interest rate
Private banks are guided by publics banks
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Written in such a way to address the position of unions
Tightens loopholes
“strikes and picketing are lawful, union meetings are lawful,
unions aren’t in restraint of trade”
… “act protects unions for legitimate purposes.”
Wilson decides to run again and does this:
Passes Federal Farm Loans Act After vetoing it before Federal Highways Act Transportation is changing Workers comp for government employees 8 hour work day for railroads Bizarre twist and turn with child labor Act bans goods made by children under 16, interstate commerce.
Passes Federal Farm Loans Act After vetoing it before Federal Highways Act Transportation is changing Workers comp for government employees 8 hour work day for railroads Bizarre twist and turn with child labor Act bans goods made by children under 16, interstate commerce.
Greek American, kidnapped by a morocan bandit (Raisuli)
Roosevelt has navy fleet he wants to use
Roosevelt “I want perdicaris live or Raisuli dead”
Orders 7 battleships to coast of Moroco
Secretary of state scrambling
Moroccan sultan pays ransom fee
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
Us will play policeman for Latin/ South American to keep
European powers out
How did the U.S. get around Colombia and establish the Panama Canal?
Revolution beings in area called Panama (1903)
Final stipulation
U.S. will be granted permanent right to take over any Panama lands needed for canal. Not a single Panamanian or Colombian person signed this.
Who had a “dollar diplomacy” model of foreign policy?
Taft
Ex: troops to Dominican Republic (to ensure interests) Because they refuse economic treaty To become protectorate Not removed until 1930s Intimidation
“The force of America is the force of moral principle”
Woodrow Wilson
Many interventions
Who was very involved in Mexican politics?
Wilson
21 gun salute to America?
Sailors landed, got drunk, caused a disturbance
Wilson demands Mexico release them
What were the trouble spots leading up to the first world war?
2 trouble spots Austrian-Hungarian Empire and Ottoman Empire
empires were out of date
new “ism” is “nationalism
Why were people worried about Germany? What was their response?
Germany was the new kid on the block. They unified economically first.
Bulk up military/treaties. Tension mounts
What resulted in Germany declaring war on Russia?
Franz Ferdinand (Austrian Crown Prince killed)
good will tour with his wife to province in Bosnia
Killed by group
Secret Serb organization (wanted greater Serbia)
Why was the war supported?
Jingoism Yellow press Diplomats lose control War romanticized Survival of the fittest
What kind of fighting was involved in WWI?
Not a movement war
Sitting war, trenches, slaughter (winner kills more), poison gas, tanks,
Submarines
Why did Russia withdraw from WWI?
Russian revolution in 1917
When did the US enter WWI?
Soon after Russia withdrew.
What was the blockade?
British set up a blockade To ensure Germany gets nothing No medicine, food, etc. More than 1 million died Continues until Treaty of Versailles
Reasons for Americas participation in War?
1st: Lucitania sunk. Filled with guns
2nd economic incentives
3-4 years before entering: selling food to allied powers England and France
800,000 in loans for English to keep buying
a month after Russia fell, we came in
Trying to keep allies winning (for our debt)
3rd: Wilson was very pro-british. Pull public into discussion. Common history and language
What resulted in US entrance into war
Arthur Zimmerman telegram to Mexican government
“If you will help us, we will help you get back all the land you lost (southwest U.S)
What were some arguments against entering?
Socialist don’t want money towards war (E. Debs prison for anti-war sentiments)
Some want to focus on progressivism at home
Reps with Irish/ German americans don’t want to support
When did US enter the war?
April 1917
6-7 months later 100s of thousands entered.
What initiatives did they take to change from peace to war economy?
Workers equal pay for equal work
8 hour work days
Excluded groups are lured in (women, black americans, Mexican amerians)
What was the committee on public information?
Mobilize public opinion
1000’s of shorts
two-minute men (street corners, churches, etc)
9 million posters
women dragged by hair (raped) by German
war against barbarianism.
Who did the US have to convince to enter WWI?
4.7 million people who had been born in Germany or central powers
Irish people (hate British) somewhat
Socialist citizens
What was the Espionage Act?
10,000/ 20 years prison. To persons who give aid to enemy, insight, or try to insubordinate/disloyalty/ refusal to enlist/interference with war efforts.
Result→ limits on free press
What was the Sadition and Sabotage act?
Danger through speech
20 yrs/ 10,000 fine. People do or say anything to limit production.
People write/print anything bad about public/navy/army, etc. Can’t talk against war efforts
What are some examples of people prosecuted by the Espionage or Sadition and Sabotage Act?
Director got 10 years for Revolutionary war film, “Spirit of ‘70”
-Eugene Debs (10 years)
“it should be clear to us that we’re worthy of turning into more than cannon fodder”
What were Wilson’s 14 points?
No entangling alliances (not possible Wants freedom of the seas Need an international organization and muscle to maintain that. Water=power. All nations reduce military (asked) Less jingoism/ attitude Peace without victory Not necessary to wave flag Self determination for all nations Right for nations to create own government
What was the US involvement in the league of nations and the Treaty of Versailles
No involvement and did not sign.
What were some of the results of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany?
No longer allowed to have army/navy/air force, just internal police
No german high command
Colonies divided up by winners
Europe carved up
1/8 of Germany given to France/ Belgium
Reineland, important industrial area
1/8 to 1/6 lost to Russia, important farming country
Poland is made
Special corridor for access to the sea
Article 231 war guilt clause
Sole war responsibility for germans
Enflames germans
Reparations demanded
Takes 2 years for costs to be decided
133 billion gold marks (33 billion USD)
bitterness fules parties (Nazi/ fascism)
In 1923, Hitler does what?
Hilter attempts to overthrow german government, not successful
5 years in jail. Gets out in 1 year.
Writes a book
Decides next time he’d overthrow legally.
What was the US and world economy like post WWI?
post-war period; converting economy problems
inflation (bankruptcy, lost jobs)
What happened involving women in washington DC?
Transportation to Washington DC and rally. 182 women
Government derive just power from governed.
Prisoned (obstructing traffic)
Naked. Denied food. Fed worms
What was the brown scare?
10,000+ Mexicans deported to mexico
What sparked the race riot in Tulsa, OK?
Black community had done well for themselves (Greenwood). After war recession May 31, 1921. 19 year old black man doing business in elevator. Witness saw door closed and said they heard a scream. She denies it. Mob takes him to jail.
How did the african americans respond to the jailing of the man in Oklahoma?
300 African Americans surrounded jail. Believed they could save young man
1000 whites appeared armed. Blacks ordered to move. 300 African Americans were killed. Nothing appeared. No tombstones, funerals, etc.
How was the Tulsa Ok race riot discovered?
1995 pHd student. Found photo. Showed black men (12) forced at gunpoint, tried to find newspaper articles. (they’d been cut out)
→ put adds in paper. Surrounded states. Long buried secret, people came forward. Oklahoma decided not to give restitution. Memorial and race riot included in their history books/curriculum.
What is fueling the attitudes towards race and ethnicity?
Science of eugenics popular (teens and 20s)
Coined in 1883 by Darwins cousin. Francis Galton
Upset that poor classes were getting larger
Best w/ best breeding
What does the El Paso mayor do in 1916?
El Paso mayor, fear that Mexicans spread Typhus. Sent telegram
What were the bath riots?
Jan 28, 1917. Young women refused. Convinced 30 others to do the same.
200 more joined. Known as the bath riots. Secret photographers
When Hitler writes about american immigration policy, what did the german journal article directly refer to?
German journal written about El Paso incident. Hitler writes about American immigration policy.
What happened in Cold Springs Harbor, NY
Forced sterilization. Cold Spring Harbor, NY. Eugenics records office. Carnegie support and also Teddy Roosevelt, Alexander Graham Bell). 1927
Buck V Bell Decision involved what?
37 states forced sterilization (Buck V. Bell decision)
Better for world, prevent continuation of their kind
Reasons: hereditary traits (insanity, feeble, epilepsy, criminals, poverty, imbecile, prostitution, promiscuity.
Who was Marcus Garvey?
promoted back to Africa movement, Black power, convicted for embezzling his organizations money
who was Langston Hughes
Famous in Harlem Renaissance. American poet and writer.
Duke Ellington
Had a band. Famous in the US. Couldn’t get a hotel or anything. Moves to Europe for better conditions. Doesn’t believe there to be good conditions anywhere.
Lead Belly
brought blues from the sharecropping south to chicago
Bessie Smith
important song about coal mining
____ used radios for fireside chats
Franklin Roosevelt
F. Scott Fitzgerald
writer. Also believed the world was on volcano edge
Rudolph Valentino
Was an actor, career destroyed because he had a squeaky voice. Silent film.
“The Jazz Singer”
first full movie with music all the way through. White actor played a black guy
Charlie Chaplin
career ended because of red scare. People interregate him and he leaves
Who released Eugene Debs from prison?
Warren Harding
Clarence Darrow
gave free legal advice to immigrants and blacks. He was the first white lawyer to overturn a death sentence for a black man.
Scopes Trial
Clarence argues for evolution in the classroom and William Bryan Jennings represented religion. Case was a joke. The trial was a commodity and a spectacle. Clarence Darrows tears Bryan apart. Makes Bryan contradict himself.
Youth culture of the 1920s
-new woman “flapper”
-women more masculine, men more feminine.
-women are targeted as consumers
-advertisers using women and sex to sell products
-
Bruce Barton
the naked guy with gladiator shoes. He writes “The Man Nobody Knows” 1925. Man is jesus. He says Jesus is the best salesman
Prohibition
- Amendment 18. Prohibited consumption of alcohol in US. Alcoholism blamed on immigrants. Repealed in 1933
Stock Market Crash
Mini crash October 1929. 2nd large crash in Dec 1929. 78% of Americans make less than 13,000. 36,000 on top have combined income of 12 million on the bottom
Sacco and Vanzetti trial 1927:
accused of being an anarchist. Robbing a bank and killing a paymaster. No proof. After a short BS trial, they’re convicted to die in electric chair. World responds but they still get put to death. Speech before death about justice
