Test 2

Question 1

Xylography

Answer 1

the art of engraving on wood, or of printing from such engravings.

Question 2

Typography

Answer 2

the work of setting and arranging types and of printing from them.

Question 3

Watermark

Answer 3

a figure or design impressed in some paper during manufacture, visible when the paper is held to the light.

Question 4

Block print

Answer 4

a design printed by means of one or more blocks of wood or metal.

Question 5

Ars moriendi

Answer 5

(“The Art of Dying”) are two related Latin texts dating from about 1415 and 1450 which offer advice on the protocols and procedures of a good death, explaining how to “die well” according to Christian precepts of the late Middle Ages.

Question 6

Block book

Answer 6

book printed from wooden blocks on which the text and illustration for each page had to be painstakingly cut by hand. Such books were distinct from printed books after the invention of movable type, in which words were made up of individual letters each of which could be reused as often as necessary and in which only illustrations and special devices, such as initial letters in paragraphs, had to be carved individually in wooden blocks set in forms with metal letters

Question 7

Biblia Pauperum

Answer 7

any of the picture books illustrating Biblical events and usually containing a short text, used chiefly in the Middle Ages for purposes of religious instruction.

Question 8

Forty-two Line Bible

Answer 8

The Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible, the Mazarin Bible or the B42) was the first major book printed with movable type in the West.

Question 9

Textura

Answer 9

Blackletter, also known as Gothic script, Gothic minuscule, or Textura, was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 to well into the 17th century.

Question 10

Ligature

Answer 10

a stroke or bar connecting two letters.

Question 11

Punch

Answer 11

a tool or machine used for stamping a design on something or shaping it by impact

Question 12

Matrix

Answer 12

a. a metal mould for casting type

b. Sometimes shortened to: mat a papier-mâché or plastic mould impressed from the forme and used for stereotyping

Question 13

Letters of indulgence

Answer 13

With a letter of indulgence the pope pronounced to the believer the remission of sins in the hereafter. From the selling of these letters the church drew a high income. After the invention of the printing press, indulgence letters were printed in large numbers.

Question 14

Rubrication

Answer 14

to print (a book or manuscript) with red titles, headings, etc

Question 15

Colophon

Answer 15

1. a publisher’s or printer’s distinctive emblem, used as an identifying device on its books and other works.
2. an inscription at the end of a book or manuscript, used especially in the 15th and 16th centuries, giving the title or subject of the work, its author, the name of the printer or publisher, and the date and place of publication.

Question 16

Copperplate engraving

Answer 16

an engraving consisting of a smooth plate of copper that has been etched or engraved

Question 17

Johann Gensfleisch zum Gutenberg

Answer 17

Gutenberg was the first European to use movable type printing, in around 1439. Among his many contributions to printing are: the invention of a process for mass-producing movable type; the use of oil-based ink; and the use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses of the period. His truly epochal invention was the combination of these elements into a practical system which allowed the mass production of printed books and was economically viable for printers and readers alike. Gutenberg’s method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a type metal alloy and a hand mould for casting type.

Question 18

Fust and Schoeffer

Answer 18

Johann Fust and Peter Schoeffer famously carried on a partnership after Fust sued and won a case against Johann Gutenberg in 1455 for the right to take back his loans that he offered Gutenberg years earlier. Of course, many rumors came to light about why Fust turned his back on Gutenberg merely a year before the 42-Line Bible was to be completed (even though Gutenberg had not only agreed to pay back the original loans but also was allowing Fust to add interest onto them). Many people believe that Fust turned on Gutenberg solely because he wanted to take the spotlight and tell people that the 42-Line Bible was his own work.

Question 19

Master of the Playing Cards

Answer 19

The Master of the Playing Cards was the first major master in the history of printmaking. He was a German (or conceivably Swiss) engraver, and probably also a painter, active in southwestern Germany from the 1430s to the 1450s, who has been called “the first personality in the history of engraving.”[1] Various attempts to identify him have not been generally accepted, so he remains known only through his 106 engravings, which include the set of playing cards in five suits from which he takes his name. The majority of the set survives in unique impressions, most of which are in the Kupferstichkabinett, Dresden and the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris.[1] A further eighty-eight engravings are regarded as sufficiently close to his style to be by his pupils.[2]

Question 20

Incunabula

Answer 20

extant copies of books produced in the earliest stages (before 1501) of printing from movable type.

Question 21

Broadsheet

Answer 21

a newspaper printed on large paper, usually a respectable newspaper rather than a tabloid.

Question 22

Broadside

Answer 22

a sheet of paper printed on one or both sides, as for distribution or posting.

Question 23

Incipit

Answer 23

the introductory words or opening phrases in the text of a medieval manuscript or an early printed book.

Question 24

Ex libris

Answer 24

1. from the library of (a phrase inscribed in or on a book before the name of the owner): Ex libris Jane Doe.
2. an inscription in or on a book, to indicate the owner; bookplate.

Question 25

Nuremburg

Answer 25

The Nuremberg Chronicle is an illustrated biblical paraphrase and world history that follows the story of human history related in the Bible; it includes the histories of a number of important Western cities. Written in Latin by Hartmann Schedel, with a version in German, translation by Georg Alt, it appeared in 1493. It is one of the best-documented early printed books—an incunabulum —and one of the first to successfully integrate illustrations and text.

Question 26

Exemplar

Answer 26

a copy of a book or text.

Question 27

Criblé

Answer 27

having a background pattern composed of small white dots produced by cribbling the plate

Question 28

Martin Luther

Answer 28

German leader of the Protestant Reformation. As professor of biblical theology at Wittenberg University from 1511, he began preaching the crucial doctrine of justification by faith rather than by works, and in 1517 he nailed 95 theses to the church door at Wittenberg, attacking Tetzel’s sale of indulgences. He was excommunicated and outlawed by the Diet of Worms (1521) as a result of his refusal to recant, but he was protected in Wartburg Castle by Frederick III of Saxony (1521–22). He translated the Bible into German (1521–34) and approved Melanchthon’s Augsburg Confession (1530), defining the basic tenets of Lutheranism

Question 29

Albrecht Pfister

Answer 29

was one of the very first European printers to use movable type, following its invention by Johannes Gutenberg. Working in Bamberg, Germany, he is believed to have been responsible for two innovations in the use of the new technology: printing books in the German language, and adding woodcuts to printed books.[1][2] The typefaces of Pfister, although similar to Gutenberg’s, have their own peculiarities.[3]

Question 30

Erhard Reuwich

Answer 30

was a Dutch artist, as a designer of woodcuts, and a printer, who came from Utrecht but then worked in Mainz. His dates and places of birth and death are unknown, but he was active in the 1480s.

Question 31

Anton Koberger

Answer 31

was the German goldsmith, printer and publisher who printed and published the Nuremberg Chronicle, a landmark of incunabula, and was a successful bookseller of works from other printers. He established in 1470 the first printing house in Nuremberg.

Question 32

Albrecht Durer

Answer 32

German painter and engraver, regarded as the greatest artist of the German Renaissance and noted particularly as a draughtsman and for his copper engravings and woodcuts

Question 33

Lucas Cranach the Elder

Answer 33

was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. He was court painter to the Electors of Saxony for most of his career, and is known for his portraits, both of German princes and those of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation, whose cause he embraced with enthusiasm, becoming a close friend of Martin Luther. He also painted religious subjects, first in the Catholic tradition, and later trying to find new ways of conveying Lutheran religious concerns in art. He continued throughout his career to paint nude subjects drawn from mythology and religion. He had a large workshop and many works exist in different versions; his son Lucas Cranach the Younger, and others, continued to create versions of his father’s works for decades after his death.

Question 34

Hans Cranach

Answer 34

also known as Johann Lucas Cranach, was a German painter, the oldest son of Lucas Cranach the Elder. German art historian Christian Schuchardt, who discovered his existence, credits him with an altar-piece at Weimar, signed with the monogram “H. C.”, and dated 1537. He died at Bologna in 1537. Luther mentions his death in his “Table Talk”, and Johann Stigel, a contemporary poet, celebrates him as a painter.

Question 35

Renaissance

Answer 35

noting or pertaining to the group of architectural styles existing in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries as adaptations of ancient Roman architectural details or compositional forms to contemporary uses, characterized at first by the free and inventive use of isolated details, later by the more imitative use of whole orders and compositional arrangements, with great attention to the formulation of compositional rules after the precepts of Vitruvius and the precedents of existing ruins, and at all periods by an emphasis on symmetry, exact mathematical relationships between parts, and a general effect of simplicity and repose.

Question 36

Trademarks

Answer 36

any name, symbol, figure, letter, word, or mark adopted and used by a manufacturer or merchant in order to designate his or her goods and to distinguish them from those manufactured or sold by others. A trademark is a proprietary term that is usually registered with the Patent and Trademark Office to assure its exclusive use by its owner.

Question 37

Type specimen sheet

Answer 37

In a simple way to say it, it is an advertisement for a typeface. It is a piece of work designed to portray as much as possible of the typeface. So, there will be large and small text. There will be text of different weights and styles. Condensed areas of text as well as spacious text. The entire alphabet will be present, and maybe also some of the symbols available in the typeface. No for my project, I chose a ‘pretty’ well known typeface called Arial. Here you go, let me know what you think of it.

Question 38

Fleurons

Answer 38

a floral motif, as one used as a terminal point or in a decorative series on an object.

Question 39

Humanism

Answer 39

a cultural movement of the Renaissance, based on classical studies

Question 40

Cancelleresca

Answer 40

A chancery hand was at first a form of handwriting for business transactions that developed in the Lateran chancelry (the Cancelleria Apostolica) of the thirteenth century, then spread to France, notably through the Avignon Papacy, and to England after 1350 (Fisher et al.:3). This early “chancery hand” is a Gothic hand similar to blackletter. Versions of it were adopted by royal and ducal chanceries, which were often staffed by clerics who had taken minor orders.

Question 41

Renaissance man

Answer 41

a cultured man of the Renaissance who was knowledgeable, educated, or proficient in a wide range of fields.

Question 42

Arabesque

Answer 42

any ornament or ornamental object, as a rug or mosaic, in which flowers, foliage, fruits, vases, animals, and figures are represented in a fancifully combined pattern.

Question 43

Bracketing

Answer 43

Also called square bracket. one of two marks [ or ] used in writing or printing to enclose parenthetical matter, interpolations, etc.

Question 44

Nicolas Jenson

Answer 44

publisher and printer who developed the roman-style typeface.

Question 45

Erhard Ratdolt

Answer 45

was an early German printer from Augsburg.[1] He was active as a printer in Venice from 1476 to 1486, and afterwards in Augsburg. From 1475[1] to 1478 he was in partnership with two other German printers

Question 46

Aldus Manutius

Answer 46

1450–1515, Italian printer and classical scholar.

Italian printer, noted for his fine editions of the classics. He introduced italic type

Question 47

Francesco da Bologna, surnamed Griffo

Answer 47

also called Francesco da Bologna, was a fifteenth-century Venetian punchcutter. He worked for Aldus Manutius, designing that printer’s more important typefaces, including the first italic type. His romans show a degree of abstraction from calligraphy not present in the work of the earlier master Nicolas Jenson, while his italic and Greek types are notably cursive. Just as Manutius had achieved a monopoly on italic printing and Greek publishing with the permission of the Venetian government, he had a falling-out with Griffo. In 1516, after he returned to Bologna, Griffo was charged with the murder of his son-in-law, who had been beaten to death with an iron bar. This is his last appearance in the historical record.

Question 48

Geoffroy Tory

Answer 48

born in Bourges around 1480 and died in Paris before 14 October 1533, was a French humanist and an engraver, best known for adding written letters in French. His life’s work has heavily influenced French publishing to this day.

Question 49

Claude Garamond

Answer 49

known commonly as Claude Garamond[1] was a French publisher and punch-cutter from Paris. Garamond was the first to specialize in type design and punch-cutting as a service to others.[2] As the first type designer and punch-cutter to sell his punches in retail to other printers, Garamond led on the establishment of the trend for many other typographers, punch-cutters, printers, and publishers to make the same sales in retail, which helped spread new typefaces all around.[3] He was one of the leading type designers of his time. Several contemporary typefaces, including those currently known as Garamond, Granjon, and Sabon, reflect his influence. Garamond was an apprentice of Simon de Colines; later, he was an assistant to Geoffroy Tory, whose interests in humanist typography and the ancient Greek capital letterforms, or majuscules, may have informed Garamond’s later work.

Question 50

Hans Holbein the Younger

Answer 50

between 7 October and 29 November 1543) was a German artist and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style. He is best known as one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century.[2] He also produced religious art, satire, and Reformation propaganda, and made a significant contribution to the history of book design. He is called “the Younger” to distinguish him from his father, Hans Holbein the Elder, an accomplished painter of the Late Gothic school.

Question 51

Romain du Roi

Answer 51

was a typeface developed in France beginning in 1692. The name, literally “Roman of the King”, refers to the roman style of letterforms and to Louis XIV who in 1692 commissioned the design of the new typeface for use by the Imprimerie Royale. The type was first used in 1702.

Question 52

Old style

Answer 52

a type style differentiated from modern by the more or less uniform thickness of all strokes and by slanted serifs.

Question 53

Engraving

Answer 53

the art of forming designs by cutting, corrosion by acids, a photographic process, etc., on the surface of a metal plate, block of wood, or the like, for or as for the purpose of taking off impressions or prints of the design so formed.

Question 54

Paper with laid finish

Answer 54

is a type of paper having a ribbed texture imparted by the manufacturing process. In the pre-mechanical period of European papermaking (from the 12th century into the 19th century), laid paper was the predominant kind of paper produced. Its use, however, diminished in the 19th century, when it was largely supplanted by wove paper. Laid paper is still commonly used by artists as a support for charcoal drawings.

Question 55

Paper with wove finish

Answer 55

is a writing paper with a uniform surface, not ribbed or watermarked. The papermaking mould’s wires run parallel to each other to produce laid paper, but they are woven together into a fine wire mesh for wove paper. The originator of this new papermaking technique was James Whatman (1702–59) from Kent, England.[1]

Question 56

Calendaring paper

Answer 56

is the process of smoothing the surface of the paper by pressing it between cylinders or rollers - the calender - at the end of the papermaking process.

Question 57

Analytic geometry

Answer 57

a branch of mathematics in which algebraic procedures are applied to geometry and position is represented analytically by coordinates.

Question 58

Axis

Answer 58

a central or principal structure, about which something turns or is arranged

Question 59

Cartesian coordinates

Answer 59

for locating a point on a plane (Cartesian plane) by its distance from each of two intersecting lines, or in space by its distance from each of three planes intersecting at a point.

Question 60

Modern

Answer 60

a typeface (based on an 18th century design by Gianbattista Bodoni) distinguished by regular shape and hairline serifs and heavy downstrokes

Question 61

Neoclassicism

Answer 61

the trend or movement prevailing in the architecture of Europe, America, and various European colonies at various periods during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, characterized by the introduction and widespread use of Greek orders and decorative motifs, the subordination of detail to simple, strongly geometric overall compositions, the presence of light colors or shades, frequent shallowness of relief in ornamental treatment of façades, and the absence of textural effects.

Question 62

Romanticism

Answer 62

A movement in literature and the fine arts, beginning in the early nineteenth century, that stressed personal emotion, free play of the imagination, and freedom from rules of form. Among the leaders of romanticism in world literature were Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Victor Hugo, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Friedrich von Schiller.

Question 63

Wood engraving

Answer 63

the art of engraving pictures or designs on wood for printing by incising them with a burin on a block of wood cut across the grain

Question 64

Pierre Simon Fournier le Jeune

Answer 64

was a French mid-18th century punch-cutter, typefounder and typographic theoretician. He was both a collector and originator of types”. Fournier’s contributions to printing were his creation of initials and ornaments, his design of letters, and his standardization of type sizes”. He worked in the rococo form, and designed typefaces including Fournier and Narcissus.[1] The measurement of type by the point system is Fournier’s significant and enduring contribution to typography.

Question 65

George Bickham the Elder

Answer 65

was an English writing master and engraver. He is best known for his engraving work in The Universal Penman, a collection of writing exemplars which helped to popularise the English Round Hand script in the 18th century.

Question 66

John Pine

Answer 66

was an English designer, engraver, and cartographer notable for his artistic contribution to the Augustan style and Newtonian scientific paradigm that flourished during the British Enlightenment.

Question 67

William Caslon

Answer 67

also known as William Caslon I, was an English gunsmith and designer of typefaces.[1] He was born at Cradley, Worcestershire, and in 1716 started business in London as an engraver of gun locks and barrels, and as a bookbinder’s tool cutter. Having contact with printers, he was induced to fit up a type foundry, largely through the encouragement of William Bowyer. The distinction and legibility of his type secured him the patronage of the leading printers of the day in England and on the continent.

Question 68

John Baskerville

Answer 68

was an English businessman, in areas including japanning and papier-mâché, but he is best remembered as a printer and type designer.

Question 69

René Descartes

Answer 69

was a French philosopher, mathematician, and writer who spent most of his life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed The Father of Modern Philosophy, and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings,[6][7] which are studied closely to this day. In particular, his Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes’ influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system — allowing reference to a point in space as a set of numbers, and allowing algebraic equations to be expressed as geometric shapes in a two-dimensional coordinate system (and conversely, shapes to be described as equations) — was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, crucial to the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the scientific revolution and has been described as an example of genius. He refused to accept the authority of previous philosophers and also refused to accept the obviousness of his own senses.

Question 70

Giambattista Bodoni

Answer 70

He first took the type-designs of Pierre Simon Fournier as his exemplars, but afterwards became an admirer of the more modelled types of John Baskerville; and he and Firmin Didot evolved a style of type called ‘New Face’, in which the letters are cut in such a way as to produce a strong contrast between the thick and thin parts of their body. Bodoni designed many type-faces, each one in a large range of type sizes. He is even more admired as a compositor than as a type-designer, as the large range of sizes which he cut enabled him to compose his pages with the greatest possible subtlety of spacing. Like Baskerville, he sets off his texts with wide margins and uses little or no illustrations or decorations.

Question 71

François Didot

Answer 71

was a merchant who was born in Paris in 1689 and died in 1757. In 1713 he opened a bookstore called “À la Bible d’or” (which could be translated “The Golden Bible”) on the Quai des Grands-Augustins. The celebrated Abbé de Bernis served for a time there as a clerk after leaving the seminary. François Didot was a learned man, and held by his colleagues in such great esteem that he was elected to the dignity of Syndic of the Booksellers’ Corporation in 1735. He received his printer’s charter from the king in 1754. Among the books he published should be mentioned the “Histoire des voyages” (“Story of Voyages/Travels”) (20 vols., quarto), the first seventeen volumes of which are attributed to the Abbé Prévost.

Question 72

Françoise-Ambroise Didot

Answer 72

inherited the work of his father François. He was appointed printer to the clergy in 1788. Many bibliophiles value the editions known as “D’Artois” (Recueil de romans français, 64 volumes) and “du Dauphin”, a collection of French classics in 32 volumes, edited by order of Louis XVI. He also published a Bible. François-Ambroise Didot invented a new printing-press, improved type-founding, and was the first to print on vellum paper.

Question 73

Pierre Didot

Answer 73

Pierre Didot was awarded a gold medal at the exhibition of 1798, for his edition of Virgil. By order of the Government, his presses were established in the Louvre, where they remained during the Consulate. The celebrated Louvre editions are Virgil, Racine, Horace, and La Fontaine. The board of examiners of the 1806 exhibition pronounced the Racine edition “the most perfect typographical production of all ages”. Pierre Didot was also a poet and translated in verse the fourth book of Georgics, the first books of Horace’s Odes, and wrote a number of original poems.

Question 74

Firmin Didot

Answer 74

is credited with designing and establishing the use of the “Modern” classification of typefaces. The types that Didot used are characterized by extreme contrast in thick strokes and thin strokes, by the use of hairline serifs and by the vertical stress of the letters. Many fonts today are available based on Firmin Didot’s typefaces. These include Linotype Didot [1] and HTF Didot

Question 75

William Blake

Answer 75

was an English poet, painter and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. His prophetic poetry has been said to form “what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language”.[1] His visual artistry led one contemporary art critic to proclaim him “far and away the greatest artist Britain has ever produced”.[2] In 2002, Blake was placed at number 38 in the BBC’s poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.[3] Although he lived in London his entire life (except for three years spent in Felpham),[4] he produced a diverse and symbolically rich corpus, which embraced the imagination as “the body of God”[5] or “human existence itself”.[6