TEST 2 Flashcards
Homeotherm
an organism that maintains a constant body temperature through metabolic activity.
Poikilotherm:
an organism whose internal body temperature varies widely, generally with the ambient temperature of the environment.
Protein
nutrient in food that is made up of amino acids that is necessary for energy and muscle gain along with making essential components in the cell such as enzymes.
Essential Amino Acids
Those amino acids which have to be obtained from diet since the organism is unable to synthesize it. Essential amino acids for fish , crustaceans, molluscs: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
Carbohydrate
a large group of organic compounds mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and cellulose. They are generally used for energy and structure.
Fat:
a natural oily or greasy substance in bodies deposited as a layer under the skin and around certain organs which adds mass
Lipid:
a class of organic compound that are fatty acids and are insoluble in water. More importantly lipids generally do not mix with water i.e. are immiscible.
Fatty Acid:
a carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group in fats and oils.
Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA):
carboxylic acid with a long C-C chain that contains many double bonds. Fatty acids are important dietary sources of fuel for animals because, when metabolized, they yield large quantities of ATP.
Mineral
an inorganic substance. Some are essential for living organisms in minute amounts. These include: calcium, magnesium, manganese, phosphate, sodium, iron, among others.
Vitamin
an organic compound and an essential nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts.
Ration
can refer to a particular amount of food that is to be given to the organism..or the act of limiting or restricting the diet or some component of the diet. Sometimes the term may simply mean ‘feed’.
Digestion
conversion of fairly large size chunks of feed into the smaller sized micronutrients that can pass through the alimentary tract and into the organism’s blood stream.
Digestibility:
some parts of food are converted to small micronutrients that can be absorbed while some are passed out as undigested feces. Digestibility refers to the ability to break down the food and absorb it.
Enzyme:
A biomolecule that can act as a biological catalyst.
Digestive tract
Involved in production of multiple enzymes that are involved in breaking down food into small enough particles to cross the gut wall.
Feed conversion
In animal husbandry, feed conversion ratio or feed conversion rate, is a ratio or rate measuring of the efficiency with which bodies of livestock (in this case aquatic organisms) convert animal feed into the desired output. (Feed intake/weight gain
Energy requirements (e.g. 25 cal/dec2/h):
Energy requirements necessary for all metabolic functions can be calculated for each species.
Metabolic rate:
The biological process of energy utilization is known as metabolism and the rate at which it is utilized is referred to as the metabolic rate.
Stocking Density:
number of organisms that are held per unit volume.
Crustacean:
Protein requirements in juveniles and adults of most species range between 30-50 percent of their dry diet weight.
Exuvia
describes the remains of an exoskeleton and related structures that are left after insects, crustaceans or arachnids have moulted/molted.
Leached
(with reference to a soluble chemical or mineral) drain away from soil, ash or similar material by the action of percolating liquid, especially rainwater.
Wean
the process by which an organism gradually becomes accustomed to a change in diet; as when a young mammal stops consumption of milk and begins to eat on its own.
Bioavailability
refers to whether a nutrient or chemical can be used by an organism.
Binder
a substance in feeds that serves to hold all aspects of the feed together. Some binders are starches, alginates, gelatins, or cellulose. Helps to keep food pellets intact during transport and durability in water.
Ad libitum
latin for “according to one’s wishes”.
Specific Pathogen Free (SPF
label used to describe lab organisms that are guaranteed free of specific pathogens.
Obligate pathogen
are those pathogens that must cause disease in order to be transmitted from one host to another.
Opportunistic pathogen
Or opportunistic infection is an infection caused by a pathogen that takes advantage of an opportunity not normally available, such as a host with a weakened immune system, an altered microbiota, or breached integumentary barriers.
Subclinical infection
an infection state in which symptoms are not shown but the pathogenic organism is present.
Epizootic
An outbreak of a disease that affects many animals at the same time
Incubation period- the interval between the penetration or establishment of the pathogen in the host and the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease), the host will often be shedding the pathogen during this time.
Prophylaxis
action taken to prevent disease, especially by specified means or against a specified disease
Disinfection vs Sterilization:
Disinfection and sterilization are both decontamination processes. While disinfection is the process of eliminating or reducing harmful microorganisms from inanimate objects and surfaces, sterilization is the process of killing all microorganisms.
Necrosis
death of most or all cells in living tissue. Can be due to disease, injury, radiation, chemicals, or lack of blood supply.
Broadcast spawner:
This is an external method of reproduction where the female releases many unfertilised eggs into the water
Hybrid vigor
Heterosis, hybrid vigor, or outbreeding enhancement, is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring.
Hypophysation techniques
The technique of breeding the fish by administering pituitary gland extract injection is known as induced breeding or hypophysation
oogenesis
is the differentiation of the ovum (egg cell) into a cell competent to further development when fertilized.
Vitellogenesis:
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms.
Milt
Fish sperm
Vent
Fish opening of the body
Micropyle
a small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed.
Somatic growth vs reproductive growth
somatic growth refers to increasing body size or mass, while reproductive growth refers to sexual maturation and release of gametes
Gynogenesis
Gynogenesis is a special form of sexual reproduction in which insemination is necessary but the head of the sperm penetrating into the ovum does not transform into male pronucleus; and the gynogenetic embryo develops at the expense of the ovum nucleus only.
Androgenesis:
development of an embryo containing only paternal chromosomes due to failure of the egg to participate in fertilization.
