Test 2 Flashcards
What is social deviance?
Violation of a group’s norms which may/may not be formalized into law.
What are negative sanctions?
Punishments for violating norms.
What are positive sanctions?
Rewards for following norms.
What is the purpose of sanctions?
Protect against nonconformity.
What are formal sanctions?
Groups/agencies with strict rules & hierarchy.
What are informal sanctions?
Less organized & more spontaneous, social groups.
What is a law?
Norm passed by government.
What is criminology?
Focuses on deviations that are considered crimes, more theoretical approach.
What is the sociology of deviance?
Has a broader scope of what is considered deviant.
What is criminal justice?
More practical approach on social control of deviance.
What is Durkheim’s Functionalism on Deviance?
Crime/deviance is normal & good, most popular in industrialized industries.
What is Merton’s Functionalism on Deviance?
Struggle to achieve the American Dream through work & education will resort to deviance.
What is Merton’s strain theory?
People unable to get socially approved goals using legitimate means get pushed to deviance.
What does Durkheim say about social change?
Deviance tests boundaries of permitted actions.
What does Durkheim say about social regulation?
Deviance reaffirms social boundaries.
What does Durkheim say about social integration?
Deviance strengthens social cohesion.
What is a deviant subculture?
Members hold values that differ from the majority.
What is crime?
The result of any action that goes against the laws made by political authority.
What is Durkheim’s concept of anomie?
Social norms lose control over individual behavior.
What is relative deprivation?
Perception that one is worse off when compared to another group.
What is Sutherland’s differential association theory (DAT)?
Criminal behavior is learned through association with others who engage in crime.
What is Becker’s labeling theory?
People are ‘deviant’ because labels are given to their behavior by political authorities/others.
What is the interactionism definition of deviance?
Deviancy is a breach of the norms/values that a community has collectively deemed acceptable.
What is Lemert’s Primary Deviation?
Actions that cause the deviant label.
What is Lemert’s Secondary Deviation?
A person accepts the primary deviation label & starts to act according to it.
What is Marx’s Deviance Conflict Theory?
Deviance is deliberately chosen & often political in nature.
What is control theory?
Social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds.
What is white-collar crime?
Crime committed by people of high social position in professional jobs.
What is corporate crime?
Offenses committed by large corporations to benefit the business.
What is cybercrime?
Online illegal acts.
What is community policing?
Emphasizes community crime prevention over law enforcement.
What is shaming?
Public humiliation over incarceration, goal is to maintain ties of the offender to the community.
What is target-hardening?
Control theory used to limit a criminal’s ability to commit crime.
What is the theory of the broken window?
Control theory stating social disorder favors committing crimes.
What is conflict theory?
Deeper Structural Changes Required; Better Wealth Distribution.
What is the feminist theory concept?
Gender education in schools; equal pay and opportunities.
What is functionalist theory?
Access if we have a ‘normal amount’ of crime.
What is social stratification?
The division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy.
What are class divisions?
Most distinctive form of stratification, separation of people into different social groups.
What is intersectionality?
Multi-group memberships affect our lives in ways that are distinct from single group memberships.
What is Marx’s class conflict?
Argued that the working class was exploited by the capitalists.
What is the proletariat?
Working class.
Who are the capitalists?
Owners of the means of production.
What are structured inequalities?
Inequalities from patterns of social structure.
What is a caste system?
Social system where one’s social status is held for life.
What is a class system?
System of social hierarchy that allows individuals to move among classes.
What are the bases of social system?
Income, ownership of wealth, education, occupation, & lifestyle.
What is class?
Socioeconomic variations of people to create differences in material prosperity & power.
What is Weber’s life chances?
Opportunities for achieving economic prosperity.
What is social capital?
The means that provide a person with immaterial/material resources.
What is cultural capital?
Cultural knowledge in a society that gives power & status.
What are means of production?
Farms, factories, railways, & other large businesses that produce/distribute goods.
Who are the bourgeoisie?
People who own companies, land, or stocks in order to make money.
What is Marx’s concept of surplus value?
The difference of money between what a worker is paid and the value they produced.
What is communism?
Everyone owns means of production & shares the wealth produced.
What are pariah groups?
Groups who suffer from negative status discrimination.
What are contradictory class locations?
Positions in class structures that share characteristics with those above/below them.
What is the upper class?
Economic elite.
What is the middle class?
White collar & lower managerial occupations.
What is the working class?
Blue collar & labor workers.
What is the lower class?
Household income lower than 31,000 a year.
What is social mobility?
Ability to move between social classes.
What is intergenerational mobility?
Changes in the social position of children relative to their parents.
What is intragenerational mobility?
Changes in social position within a person’s adult life.
What is horizontal mobility?
A change in occupation within the same social class.
What is vertical mobility?
Moving up/down social class rank.
What is structural mobility?
Mobility coming from changes in the amount/kinds of jobs available in a society.
What is exchange mobility?
Exchange of positions on the socioeconomic scale.
What is absolute poverty?
Lacks the minimal requirements necessary to sustain health.
What is relative poverty?
The lack of resources of some people compared to those who have more in a society.
What is the poverty line?
Official government measure to define those living in poverty in the U.S.
What is the working poor?
People who work but do not earn enough to be above the poverty line.
What is the feminization of poverty?
Increase in the amount of poor who are female.
What is the Kuznets curve?
Inequality increases during the early stages of capitalism, then declines.
What is Lewis’s Culture of Poverty?
Poverty is the result of growing up in a society where poverty values are common.
What is Murray’s Dependency Culture?
People who rely on state welfare provision rather than working.
What is a paternalistic welfare state?
Government provides help to people but controls how help is given.
What are Bourdieu’s class distinctions?
Social classes are determined by economic, cultural, and social factors.
What is the gender binary?
There are two genders, male & female.
What is gender nonconforming?
Identifying with other genders that are not male/female.
What is liberal feminism?
Seeks equal opportunity for both sexes within the existing society.
What is radical feminism?
Gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of life.
What is socialist/marxist feminism?
Capitalism & patriarchy need to stop because it oppresses women.
What is black feminism?
Includes the experiences of black women into the idea of feminism.
What is transitional feminism?
Global processes shape gender relations and hierarchies.
What is postmodern feminism?
‘Woman’ is not a category, aims to stop universal norms on being a woman.
What is contemporary feminism?
Addresses issues like pay gaps, reproductive rights, and societal gender norms.
What is sex?
Biological & anatomical distinguishers of females & males.
What is gender?
Social expectations considered normal for each sex.
What is intersex?
Female & male genitals.
What is cisgender?
Gender matches biological sex, most common.
What is Sexual and Gender Minority (SGM)?
LGBTQ+ community.
What is gender role socialization?
Learning gender roles from school/media/family.
What is the social construction of gender?
Learning gender roles through socializing with others.
What is hegemonic masculinity?
Men are dominant, strong, unemotional, and self-made.
What is biological essentialism?
Differences between men & women are natural & inevitable.
What is bell hooks’ feminist theory?
Gender inequality against women in society & how to overcome it.
What is gender typing?
Women have lower pay/status jobs; men have higher pay/managerial jobs.
What is the Loden Glass Ceiling?
Invisible barrier stopping women from getting top professional positions.
What is sex segregation?
Concentration of men & women in different occupations.
What is Becker human capital theory?
Investing in education, training, and skills improves a person’s productivity/earnings.
What is race?
A socially constructed category rooted in the belief that there are fundamental differences in humans associated with ancestry.
What is ethnicity?
Cultural values and norms that separate members of a group from others. Members share cultural identity.
What is racism?
The belief that one race is superior to another.
What is prejudice?
A preconceived opinion that is not based on experience and resistant to change, can be positive or negative.
What is stereotyping?
Thinking in fixed and inflexible terms.
What is discrimination?
Behavior denying one group from resources or rewards that can be obtained by others.
What is the difference between discrimination and prejudice?
Prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is an action.
What is institutional racism?
Racism occurs through established institutions of society instead of hateful actions of people.
What are racial microaggressions?
Slight acts of disrespect toward people of color, often by well-meaning whites.
What is scientific racism?
Using scientific data to justify beliefs about racial superiority or inferiority.
What is apartheid?
A system of racial segregation in South Africa.
What is assimilation?
A process where a minority absorbs the majority cultural norms.
What is pluralism?
All ethnic groups in the U.S. are separate but share rights and citizenship equally.
What is emigration?
Movement out of one country to settle in another.
What is diaspora?
Forcefully moving ethnic populations from their homeland to foreign areas.
What is affirmative action?
A policy that gives compensatory treatment to a previously discriminated group.
What is genocide?
Planned extermination of a racial or political group.
What is ethnic cleansing?
A more powerful ethnic group kills off other ethnic groups in an area.
What is segregation?
Physically separating racial and ethnic groups to maintain a superior dominant group.
What is stereotype threat?
Fear of conforming to the stereotype of one’s group.
What is overt racism?
Direct racism expressed through actions or speech.
What is Bonilla-Silva’s color blind racism?
Not believing racism exists or white supremacy.
What is THE OTHER?
An individual perceived to not belong; people fear this concept, which is a big start to racism (George Simmel).
Who is Nikole Hannah-Jones?
Developed the 1619 Project.
What is the eugenics movement?
The belief that bad genetics could be bred out and good traits could be promoted to improve society.
