test 2 Flashcards
what is the function and significance of endocrine glands
body structures specialized for releasing hormones into the blood
Mechanisms of how steroid hormones enter a target cell
fat soluble- transported by cholesterol and passively diffuses across the cell membrane
Characteristics of amine hormones, including non-characteristic features
synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine. binds to membranes via secondary messengers, not regulated by negative feedback
The concept of downregulation in hormonal interactions
downregulation disrupts a hormone’s ability to interact with a receptor
Factors causing alterations to receptor binding characteristics or receptor numbers
can be as dramatic as increased amounts of hormones released from a gland
Stimulants of receptor and membrane sensitivities to anabolic factors, including hormones
Correlation between peripheral concentrations of hormones in blood and the status of receptor populations or hormonal effects within cells
higher circulating hormone levels generally lead to increased receptor activation and subsequent cellular effects, while lower levels result in diminished responses; however, this relationship is not always linear due to factors like receptor upregulation and downregulation, where cells can adjust the number of receptors based on the prevailing hormone concentration to maintain a balanced response.
Physiological mechanisms contributing to changes in peripheral blood concentrations of hormones with exercise
circadian pattern, fluid volume shifts, tissue clearance rates, venous pooling of blood, hormone interactions with binding proteins
Various types of adaptations possible with resistance exercise
amt of synthesis and storage of hormones, time needed for clearance of hormones thru liver and other tissues, how many receptors are in the tissue, changes in the contents of the secretory cells in a gland, degree of interaction with the cell nucleus
Effect of heavy resistance training using low volume on post-workout testosterone concentrations
doesnt change testosterone concentration, but could increase absolute # of receptors and binding site avail for testosterone
Composition of polypeptide hormones
made of amino acid chains
True characteristics of amine hormones
derived form tryptophan or tyrosine
Factors that do not contribute to changes in peripheral blood concentrations of hormones with exercise
time of day exercise is performed, color of exercise clothes worn, type of music listened to, ambient room temp (within reasonable range), individual’s mood prior to exercising
Exercise variables that can increase serum testosterone concentrations
large muscle group exercises, heavy resistance (85-95% 1RM), moderate to high volume of exercises, short rest intervals, 2+ yrs of resistance training experience
Information about free testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin
-free testosterone accounts for only 0.5-2% of total testosterone; higher testosterone concentration allows for more free T.
-heavy resistance exercise can acutely inc free T in men and women
Hormones exerting catabolic effects by inhibiting protein synthesis
cortisol,
Effects of different types of resistance training protocols on growth hormone release
short rest periods result in greater serum concentrations compared to long rest protocols of similar total work
Physiological roles of growth hormone and its superfamily
dec. glucose utilization, inc. protein synth., inc. collagen synth., stimulate cartilage growth, enhance immune cell function, inc. lipolysis
Hormones increasing an athlete’s ability to secrete greater amounts during maximal exercise
catecholamines
Catabolic effects of specific hormones and their involvement in metabolic control and force production
cortisol-
Primary neural adaptations to anaerobic training
-motor cortex activity inc. when the level of force developed inc. and when new exercises or movements are being learned
-many neural changes with anaerobic training take place along the descending corticospinal tracts
-max. strength and power inc. increases of agonist muscles result from an inc, in recruitment, rate of firing, synchronization of firing, or a combination of these factors
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia as muscular adaptations
hypertrophy: muscular enlargement
hyperplasia: increase in number of muscle fibers
Benefits of the myotatic reflex in harnessing involuntary elastic properties of muscle due to anaerobic training
increased force production, improved explosive power, enhanced muscle elasticity, and better energy efficiency
Hormones elevated in concentration post resistance training workouts
anabolic hormones like testosterone and growth hormone
