test 1 Flashcards
Explore the movement capabilities of fibrous joints
virtually no movement
Understand the classification of the elbow as a biaxial joint and its implications.
can move in 2 perpendicular axes
Examine the role of tendons in relation to joint centers and their impact on weightlifting capabilities.
Tendon insertion farther from the joint center results in the ability to lift heavier weights. Tendon insertion closer to the joint center results in faster movement
Learn about the behavior of I-bands and H-zone in stretched muscles and the resulting force potential
I bands and H zones are elongated in stretched muscles- and results in low force potential because of reduced cross-bridge actin alignment
Study the ways in which force output of a muscle can be varied, including changes in motor unit activation frequency and number.
Incorporate phases of training that use heavier loads in order to optimize neural recruitment. Increase the cross-sectional area of muscles involved in the desired activity. perform multi-muscle, multijoint exercises that can be done with more explosive actions to optimize fast-twitch muscle recruitment
Delve into the functions of sensory neurons in the Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO) and their influence on motor neurons
Specialized sensory receptors provide the CNS with info needed to maintain muscle tone and perform complex coordinated movements. GTO detects force and is located in tendons
Understand how changes in body size affect body mass and muscular strength
As size increases body mass increases more rapidly than muscle strength
Identify muscles or muscle groups that have a fusiform pennation.
Bicep, tricep, bicep femoris
Understand the process of diffusion through the alveolar capillary membrane
It is the simple random motion of molecules moving in opposite directions through the alveolar-capillary membrane
Understand the energy systems used in different athletic disciplines, like weightlifting and marathon running
Weight lifting would be PCr or glycolysis and marathon running would be aerobic oxidation (krebs)
Learn about the mechanics of lung expansion and recoil and their role in air movement
lungs are acted upon by the downward and upward movement of the diaphragm to lengthen and shorten the chest cavity, and the elevation and depression of the ribs to increase and decrease the diameter of the chest cavity.
Understand the law of mass action and its application in bioenergetics
The concentrations of reactants or products in solution will drive the direction of the reactions- depending on if ATP or ADP are in abundance that will kickstart the process or creating or storing energy
Explore the mechanism of muscle contraction in response to muscle spindle activation
The muscle contracts when a muscle is stretched due to muscle spindle deformation
Study how alveolar pressure facilitates the inward flow of air during inspiration
alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure to allow for gas exchange during inspiration, and higher than atmospheric pressure during expiration
Review the functions of the arterial and venous systems, focusing on blood oxygenation and deoxygenation
Systemically the veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. pulmonary it is the opposite. Veins carry oxygenated blood and arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
Examine how neural control affects muscle force output, focusing on motor unit involvement and firing rates
Recruitment affects maximal force output by determining which and how many motor units are involved in a muscle contraction, rate coding affects maximal force output by determining contraction
Explore the location and function of the Krebs cycle within the cell
Occurs in the mitochondria. Typically used during exercise that is low intensity, long-duration
Study the mechanical advantage of muscles in the body and the concept of levers in muscle function.
Most of the time the body is working at a disadvantage because the forces in the muscles and tendons are much higher than those exerted by the hands or feet on external objects or the ground. There are 3 levers in the body, 1,,2 and 3. 1: a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum (seesaw). 2: a lever where muscle force and resistive force work on the same side of the fulcrum; most mechanical advantage (muscle force is smaller than resistive force. Ex: crowbar). 3: a lever where muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum with muscle force acting through a shorter moment arm than resistive force (ex: bicep curl)
Investigate training methods to improve lactate threshold in aerobic endurance athletes
Training at an intensity slightly higher than blood lactate threshold, steady state workouts in lactate threshold
Study the factors contributing to excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC).
Poor training of lungs capacity to use oxygen, lungs need to work to to pay back the debt to the body
Identify branched-chain amino acids and their importance
leucine, isoleucine and valine. amnio acids can be converted into glucose to produce ATP, although amino acids contribute little energy during prolonged activity.
Learn about the anaerobic contribution to energy supply during exercise
Anaerobic energy is always present during any kind of exercise, however it is not the dominant source of energy
Understand the effects of high-intensity vs. longer-duration, submaximal exercises on energy supply
high-intensity exercise depletes energy supply faster than low-intensity exercise, because high intensity uses the body’s readily available stored energy
Learn about the depletion of glycogen content in muscle cells during high-intensity exercise.
Glycogen is used during high-intensity exercise first over glucose because it is one step faster
