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Geography test 1 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Weathering

A

The physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rock at earths surface

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2
Q

Mass Wasting

A

The transfer of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity

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3
Q

Erosion

A

the physical removal of material by physical agents i.e. water, wind, ice

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4
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

Physical forces breaking down rocks

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5
Q

Frost Wedging

A

caused by the expansion of water when it freezes in between cracks, repeated freezing and thawing causes the expansion

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6
Q

Unloading (sheeting)

A

reduction in pressure from erosion allowing rocks to expand, causing outer layers of rocks to crack, this can create an exfoliation dome

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7
Q

Biological Activity

A

Plants wedging in between cracks and spreading them apart, plants can also create acids eroding the rocks

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8
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

Chemically transforming rock into one or more new compounds

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8
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Where hydrogen ions replace other cations in minerals, causing minerals to breakdown and change into other minerals, ex: feldspar to clay

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8
Q

Dissolution

A

where solids are completely dissolved into ions by acids

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8
Q

oxidation

A

reaction where the elements loses electrons, this can cause rust on iron materials

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9
Q

Soil contains

A

A combination of minerals, organic material, water, and air 50/50

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9
Q

Differential weathering

A

different minerals weather at different rates

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9
Q

Parent Material

A

Source of weather material that soils develop from residual soils, transported soils

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9
Q

Rates of weathering is controlled by?

A

Mineral Composition
Climate
Particle size

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10
Q

Residual Soils

A

Soil developed from bedrock

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11
Q

Transported soils

A

soils developed on unconsolidated sediments

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12
Q

Formation of Soils is the product of?

A

Parent Material
Time
Climate
Plants and animals
topography

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13
Q

Time

A

The amount of time that weathering processes have been operating

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14
Q

Climate

A

Most control on soil, temperature and wetness of soil

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15
Q

Plants and animals

A

Amount of organic activity effecting the soil

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16
Q

topography

A

soil develops poorly on slopes

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17
Q

Soil profiles

A

O Horizon
A Horizon
E Horizon
B Horizon
C Horizon
Bedrock

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18
Q

O Horizon

A

Mostly organic materials, upper horizon is plant litter lower is decayed organic material

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19
Q

A Horizon

A

Largely organic material, lots of biological activity

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20
Q

E Horizon

A

Mostly Minerals
Eluviation
Leaching

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21
Q

Eluviation

A

As water percolates through the solid

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22
Q

Leaching

A

Water dissolves soluble materials carrying it downward

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23
Q

B horizon

A

Subsoil, materials removed from the E horizon is deposited into the B horizon

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24
Q

C Horizon

A

Partially altered parent material considered regolith not counted as true soil

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25
Q

Bedrock

A

Unweathered Parent Material

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26
Q

Sedimentary Rock sources

A

Weathering
Transportation
Sedimentation(Diagenesis)
Deposition

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27
Q

Sediment

A

Material derived from the mechanical and chemical weathering of rocks which is deposited on the surface of the earth

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28
Q

Sedimentary Rocks

A

Rocks formed from the calcification of sediments. They are the end products of mechanical and chemical weathering processes

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29
Q

How does sedimentary rocks provide evidence to past events

A

Provide information about sediment transporting
Often contains fossils

30
Q

How are sedimentary rocks economically important

A

They contain Coal, Petroleum and natural gas and are a source for Iron, Aluminium and Magnesium

31
Q

Types of sediments

A

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

32
Q

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

A

Formed from sediment transported as solid particles

33
Q

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

A

Formed from sediment that was once in solution

34
Q

How are detrital Rocks classified

A

by texture and composition

35
Q

Conglomerate

A

Large rounded grains (clasts)

36
Q

Breccia

A

Large angular grains in a fine grain matrix

37
Q

Porosity

A

Percent of void space

38
Q

Permeability

A

A measure of the ease by which fluid may flow through the rock

39
Q

Lithification

A

The process of changing sediments into solid sedimentary rocks

40
Q

Compaction

A

Weight of overlying sediment compacts sediments

41
Q

Cementation

A

Precipitation of minerals amoung individual rocks binding together filling in cracks

41
Q

Inorganic Processes

A

Evaporation and chemical activity
ex: limestones , cherts

41
Q

Lithification of Sandstone

A

After deposition
Compaction
Cementation

42
Q

Lithification of shale

A

-Wet Mud
-Weight of New Sediment
-Development if splitting surfaces

43
Q

precipitation occurs in two ways

A

Organic
Inorganic

44
Q

Inorganic Limestone

A

Crystalline limestone
Travertine

45
Q

Organic Limestone

A

Coquina
Fossiliferous
Chalk

46
Q

Crystalline Limestones

A

High concentration of calcium carbonate dissolved in water result in its precipitation - precipitated CaCO3 from water

47
Q

Travertine

A

Fine grained calcum carbonate precipitated from ground water Ofter found in caves or hot springs, cave deposits, hot springs

48
Q

Coquina

A

Loosely cemented shells and shell fragments

49
Q

Fossiliferous limestones

A

Shell and other biogenic fragments glues cemented with calcite cement

50
Q

Chalk

A

Microscopic shells and clay (shells from Foraminifera and coccoliths)

51
Q

Dolostones

A

Made up of calcium magnesium carbonate mineral dolomite, similar to limestones but doesnt easily react to acids

52
Q

Chert

A

Microcrystalline silica, most deposits are organic originating from micro organisms

53
Q

Coal

A

Only rock made up of organic material rather than minerals, result from large amounts of plant material being buried for millions of years, develops in swamps

54
Q

Evaporites

A

Evaporation of water containing dissolved elements trigger deposition/ precipitation of minerals, ex: halite and Gypsum

55
Q

Sequence of precipitation from sea water

A

1.Calcite
2.Gypsum
3.Halite
4.Bitterns
5.Nitrates

56
Q

Sedimentary structures

A

Features exhibited in sedimentary rocks that form during depositional processes

57
Q

Beds(strata)

A

Layers of sediment that have accumulated in depositional environment

58
Q

Bedding planes

A

Surface between layers

59
Q

Graded Bedding

A

Particle size changes within a single sedimentary bed from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top

60
Q

Cross bedding

A

Non horizontal layering within individual beds develop when there is unidirectional current during deposition

61
Q

Ripple marks

A

Small waves of sand that develop on the surface of beds from moving water or air, current ripples steeper

62
Q

MudCracks

A

form when wet mud dries out and shrinks

63
Q

Fossils

A

As indicators of depositional environments can provide info on temp and local vegetation

64
Q

Sedimentary Environments

A

A geographic setting where sediment accumulates

65
Q

Depositional Environments

A

Places where sediments accumulate, different environments produce characteristic sedimentary rocks

66
Q

Depositional Environment catagories

A

Continental
Marine

67
Q

Continental

A

Dominated by stream erosion,
ex:river, alluvial fan lake, glacial, wind.

68
Q

Marine

A

Shallow
Deep water

69
Q

Shores

A

Considered transitional between continental and marine

70
Q

Rivers

A

Detrital silts and sands, well sorted, rounded, crossbedding

71
Q

Alluvial fan

A

Detrital streams going from high structures going down to a lower elevation depositing sediments quickly ( containing mostly gravel turning into a conglomerate)
Poorly sorted
Graded bedding

72
Q

Lake

A

Detrital or chemical sediments
Fine grained size
well sorted
possible fossils
possible limestones

73
Q

Delta

A

Fluvial and swamp environment river deposits inter bedded with coal

74
Q

sedimentary Facies

A

A portion of a rock unit that has distinct set of characteristics that distinguishes it from other parts of the same unit

75
Q

what can Sed Facies document

A

changes in sea level, environment etc.

76
Q

Metamorphism

A

The solid state change in composition and / or texture of a rock due to high temps, pressures, or fluids in the earth

77
Q

Agents of metamorphism

A

Heat
Stress
Fluids

78
Q
A

Geography test 1 (2 decks)

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