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Geography test 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are minerals

A

-Naturally occuring
-Solid
- Ordered internal molecular structure
-Definite chemical composition

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2
Q

minerals found in granite

A

Quartz
Hornsblend
feldspar

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3
Q

Process Resulting in formation of minerals

A

-Precipitation of minerals from solution
-Crystallization of molten rock
-biological processes

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4
Q

what determines crystalline structure?

A

Ionic Size
and
charges of ions

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5
Q

Polymorphs

A

minerals with the same composition but different crystalline structures
ex: diamonds and graphite

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6
Q

Physical properties of Minerals

A

Crystal form, luster,color, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, gravity (Density)

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7
Q

Crystal form

A

external expression of internal structures

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8
Q

Luster

A

if it reflects light

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9
Q

color

A

an unreliable mineral identifier

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10
Q

Streak

A

color of the minerals powder form

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11
Q

Hardness

A

resistance to scratching

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12
Q

cleavage

A

how it breaks resulting on different flat planes

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13
Q

fracture

A

absence of cleavage

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14
Q

Gravity(density)

A

weight of a mineral

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15
Q

major mineral groups

A

-Silicates
-Carbonates
-oxides
-sulfides
-sulfates
-native elements
-phosphates

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16
Q

Silicates

A

most important because of its abundance of Silicon and oxygen, earth consists of 92% of silicates

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17
Q

Mafic minerals

A

Olivine
pyroxene
aphibole
biotite

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18
Q

felsic Minerals

A

Muscovite
Plagioclase
Orthoclase
Quartz

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19
Q

Mafic

A

Dark colors
simple structures

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20
Q

felsic

A

Light colors
complex structures

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21
Q

Magma

A

Completely or partially molten rock composed of melt, solids, volitiles

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22
Q

Melt

A

liquid portion of magma made up of Oxygen, and silicon

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23
Q

Solids (magma)

A

Minerals that crystallized

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24
Q

Volatiles

A

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide

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25
Q

crystallization

A

Precipitation of mineral grains from magma

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26
Q

Igneous textures are controlled by what?

A

-Rate at which magma cools
- The amount of dissolved gases present
-amount of silica present

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27
Q

rate of which magma cools

A

slow cooling, results in larger crystals and fewer nucleation

rapid cooling, results in many small crystals

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28
Q

Aphanitic/Vesicular texture

A

Individual crystals too small to see by the naked eye

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29
Q

Phaneritic

A

Individual crystals large enough to see

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30
Q

porhyritic

A

Large crystals in a fine grained crystals

31
Q

glassy

A

Lacks crystalline structure because of rapid cooling

32
Q

Pegmatitic

A

abnormally large crystals

33
Q

Mafic minerals composition

A

High in Iron, and magnesium low in silicon

34
Q

Felsic minerals composition

A

low in Iron, and magnesium, high in Silicon, Calcium, Potassium, and Sodium

35
Q

Obsidian

A

Felsic, just glass

36
Q

Pumice

A

glassy, formed by large amounts of gas, usually felsic

37
Q

Pyroclastic

A

Rock composed of fragments ejected during eruption

38
Q

Origin of magma

A

originates when solid rock in mantle and crust melts

39
Q

Geothermal gradient

A

the rise in temp with depth in the earths crust

20-30 C/km

40
Q

Melting curve

A

minimum temperatures at specific depths required to melt a rock

41
Q

process aiding in melting

A

Decrease in pressure
Introduction of volatile’s
increase in temp (not common)

42
Q

Decompression melting

A

Melting of rocks occurs at lower temperatures with decreasing depth

43
Q

Volatiles

A

addition of volatile’s (water) to decrease melting temp : wet melting

44
Q

Magmatic Differentiation

A

seperation of a melt from earlier formed crystals, also called frational crystallization changing magma from mafic to felsic

45
Q

Crystal settling

A

dense early formed minerals settle to the bottom of a magma chamber remaining melt

46
Q

magmatic assimilation

A

changing a magma’s composition by incorporation of surrounding rock bodies

47
Q

Magma mixing

A

two chemically distinct magmas mixed to produce a composition different from original magma

48
Q

Partial Melting

A

Rock heated the minerals with lowest melting temp melts first

49
Q

igneous activity at Divergent margins

A

-Asthenosphere rises at spreading centers
-cause decompression melting
-forms mafic magma

50
Q

Igneous activity at convergent margins

A

-Subduction drags oceanic lithosphere
-release of volatiles in subduction zone lowering the melting point of adjacent mantle
-causes wet melting of the mantle to form a mafic magma

51
Q

Viscosity controlled by?

A

-Silicon content
-dissolved gasses
-temprature

52
Q

When pressure decreases

A

dissolved gases are released and form bubbles in magma

53
Q

Low viscosity (low Si)

A

allows gases to migrate upwards and escape causing passive eruption

54
Q

high Viscosity(High Si)

A

Traps gases until enough pressure builds causing violent ejection of gas and magma

55
Q

Pahoehoe

A

lava flow looks like braids

56
Q

Ah-ah

A

lava flow is jagged and blocky

57
Q

Volcanic gases

A

70-H20
15 -CO2
5-N
5-SO2

58
Q

Pyroclastic material

A

Material ejected from volcanic explosion

59
Q

air fall

A

fragments ranging in size ejected from volcanoe

60
Q

Lahar

A

Volcanic ash mud flow

61
Q

Types of volcanoes

A

Shield Volcano, Cinder Cone, Composite Volcano

62
Q

Shield Volcano

A

-largest in size
-gentle sides
-long duration of activity
-non violent eruptions
-long eruptions
-Mafic lava

63
Q

Cinder Cone

A

-Mafic lava
-Formed mainly of basaltic pyroclastic material
-steep
-small
-short life span
-isolated or on other volcanoes

64
Q

composite volcano

A
  • pyroclastic, and andesitc lava flows
    -intermediate steepness
    -average size
    -span 1k years
    -violent
65
Q

Lava Dome

A

Steep sided dome formed from viscous felsic lava , small

66
Q

calderas

A

large circular depressions from collapsed volcanoes

67
Q

Basaltic plateaus

A

massive accumulations of basaltic magma covering thousands of miles ( associated with extinction)

68
Q

How volcanoes effect climate change

A

explosion emits huge quantities of ash into atmosphere
-portion of incoming solar radiation is reflected
-short term cooling

69
Q

Plutons

A

Igneous structures that cooled and crystallized beneath the earths surface based on shape and orientation

70
Q

Orientation

A

with respect of surrounding rock

71
Q

Batholith

A

Massive discordant pluton

72
Q

Laccolith

A

concordant, tabular pluton warping surrounding rocks

73
Q

Dike

A

Discordant tabular pluton

Geography test 1 (2 decks)

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