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DMS 105- Sonog Anat of the Abdomen > TEST 2 > Flashcards

TEST 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The celiac axis is __________ to the pancreas.

A

Superior

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2
Q

The uncinate process is __________ to SMA and SMV.

A

posterior

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3
Q

The gastroduodenal artery is __________ to the head of the pancreas.

A

Anterolateral

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4
Q

The stomach is __________ to the splenic hilum.

A

anterior/medial

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5
Q

The splenic artery is __________ to the pancreas.

A

superior/anterior

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6
Q

The stomach is __________ to pancreas body and tail.

A

anterior

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7
Q

The SMA and SMV are __________ to the neck of the pancreas.

A

posterior

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8
Q

The head of the pancreas is __________ to the 2nd portion of the duodenum.

A

medial

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9
Q

The SMA and SMV are __________ to the 3rd portion of the duodenum

A

anterior

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10
Q

The tail of the pancreas is __________ to the upper pole of the left kidney.

A

anterior

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11
Q

The SMV is __________ of the SMA

A

right

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12
Q

The tail of the pancreas is __________ to the stomach.

A

posterior

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13
Q

The common bile duct is __________ to the head of the pancreas.

A

posterolateral

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14
Q

The splenic vein is __________ to the pancreas

A

Posteroinferior

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15
Q

The aorta is __________ to the body of the pancreas

A

posterior

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16
Q

The head of the pancreas is __________ to the IVC

A

anterior

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17
Q

Small opening in the duodenum in which the pancreatic and common bile duct enter to release secretions.

A

ampulla of Vater

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18
Q

Connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct.

A

cystic duct

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19
Q

Bile duct system that drains the liver into the common bile duct.

A

common hepatic duct

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20
Q

Travels horizontally through the pancreas to join the common bile duct at the ampulla of Vater.

A

pancreatic duct

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21
Q

Definition

Removal of the gallbladder.

A

cholecystectomy

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22
Q

Central area of the liver where the portal vein, common duct, and hepatic artery enter.

A

porta hepatis

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23
Q

Refers to common bile and hepatic ducts when cystic duct is not seen.

A

common duct

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24
Q

Storage pouch for bile

A

gallbladder

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25
Q

Extends from the point where the common hepatic duct meets the cystic duct; drains into the duodenum after it joins with the main pancreatic duct

A

common bile duct

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26
Q

Gallbladder variant in which part of the fundus is bent back on itself.

A

phrygian cap

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27
Q

Small muscle that guards the ampulla of Vater.

A

sphincter of Oddi

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28
Q

Tiny valves found within the cystic duct.

A

Heister’s valve

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29
Q

Yellow pigment in bile formed by the breakdown of red blood cells.

A

bilirubin

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30
Q

Small part of the gallbladder that lies near the cystic duct where stones may collect.

A

Hartmann’s pouch

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31
Q

Retroperitoneal or peritoneal

Pancreas

A

anterior of the retroperitoneum beside small portion of head

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32
Q

which anatomical region is the pancreas located

A

Deep within the epigastrium and left hypocondrium

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33
Q

most inferior portion of pancreas

A

head

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34
Q

……….. lies in a groove on the posterior surface of the head of the pancreas (note: in ultrasound imaging the …….. may actually appear to course through the pancreatic head tissue)

A

CBD

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35
Q

Beak-like projection of pancreatic head

A

uncinate process

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36
Q

Bounded anteriorly and superiorly by the stomach, duodenum and left lobe of liver

A

body and tail of pancreas

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37
Q

……… extends into the left anterior pararenal space and lies anterior to the left kidney and medial to the splenic hilus

A

pancreas tail

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38
Q

another name for pancreatic duct

A

duct of wirsung

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39
Q

The bulk of the pancreas is composed of pancreatic ……. ……. and their associated ducts.

A

exocrine cells

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40
Q

Also embedded within lobules are roughly one million small clusters of cells called the ………………

A

Islets of Langerhans

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41
Q

Islets of Langerhans which perform ………… functions

A

endocrine

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42
Q

duct of santoroni is ………

A

an accessory duct on pancreas

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43
Q

The Duct of Wirsung should measure less than ……….. and should clearly taper in the tail.

A

2mm

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44
Q

branch of common hepatic artery (Superior portion of head - seen anterior to CBD)

A

Gastroduodenal artery

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45
Q

runs from the spleen along the posterior aspect of the pancreas. When scanning, the pancreas body and tail appear to sit on top of it

A

splenic vein

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46
Q

Defines the superior border of the pancreas—helpful when scanning

A

splenic artery

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47
Q

posterior to the body of the pancreas. Helps us locate the region of the pancreas—helpful when patients are gassy.

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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48
Q

Accessory duct (called duct of Santorini) branches from main pancreatic duct and empties into the duodenum (separately from or with the) duct of Wirsung

A

separately from

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49
Q

secretion of hormones
directly into the blood
and lymph

A

endocrine

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50
Q

secreting outwardly
via a duct

A

exocrine

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51
Q

Laboratory Values—ENDOCRINE

A

Glucagon - raises blood sugar
Insulin – lowers blood sugar (beta cells)

islets of langerhans

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52
Q

Laboratory Values—EXOCRINE

A

Amylase - used in the digestion of starch (carbohydrates)
Lipase - used in the digestion of fats
Peptidases (ex: trypsin) used in the digestion of proteins
Sodium Bicarbonate - neutralizes gastric acid

acinar cells

53
Q

location/region of spleen

A

Left hypochondriac region (LUQ)

54
Q

size of spleen

A

Averages 8 - 12 cm in length

55
Q

what part of the spleen lies in contact with stomach and tail of pancreas

A

SPLENIC HILUM

56
Q

Spleen is supported by the phrenocolic ligament upon which its lower end rests

A

said board only so just memorize it for later

57
Q

spleen
Anchored at the hilum by peritoneal reflections (ligaments)

Attached to the stomach by the gastrosplenic ommentum

lienorenal ligaments attach to the left kidney

A

said board only so just memorize it for later

58
Q

85%; composed of a framework of splenic sinuses alternating with splenic cords (cords of Billroth) responsible for blood storage and phagocytosis

A

red pulp

59
Q

15%; composed of lymphatic tissue and follicles that surround the arterioles and are responsible to the production of antibodies

A

white pulp

60
Q

Defense against disease
(especially in children)
Production of Lymphocytes
Storage of Iron
Maturation, storage and removal of erythrocytes

A

spleen physiology

61
Q

The process by which red blood cells are produced is called ……………

A

erythropoiesis

62
Q

………. are continuously being produced in the red bone marrow of large bones, at a rate of about 2 million per second.

A

Erythrocytes

63
Q

Erythrocytes develop from stem cells to mature erythrocytes in about …… days and live a total of about ……. days.

A

7, 120

64
Q

The aging (old) cells swell up to a sphere-like shape and are engulfed by ………. and destroyed

A

phagocytes

65
Q

The main sites of destruction are the liver and the spleen. The heme constituent of hemoglobin is eventually excreted as …………….

A

bilirubin

66
Q

splenic artery travels along superior border of pancreas. Enters spleen at the hilum then divides into ____ branches, then ____ branches, finally dividing into____ minor branches,
these arteries branch into increasingly smaller arterioles

A

2, 6, 36

67
Q

Blood from arterioles flows from the reticular meshwork into the venous sinusoids, dumps into branches of the splenic vein, branches leave the spleen at the hilum, converging to form the splenic vein,
splenic vein joins superior mesenteric vein to form portal vein, then travels along posteromedial border of the pancreas

A

how the splenic vein is formed and where it goes

68
Q

Clinical symptoms include LUQ fullness or pain, jaundice, lymphadenopathy, fever, or hemorrhage

A

SPLENOMEGALY

69
Q

what size is considered large spleen for splenomegaly

A

greater than 13cm

70
Q

SPLENOMEGALY
CAUSES

Congestive: most common cause; secondary to portal hypertension (liver cirrhosis) causing blood to reverse through veins towards the liver

Hematologic: abnormalities of red cell morphology associated

Infiltrative: Leukemia, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; spleen becomes site of RBC production

Metabolic: Gaucher’s disease, Niemann-Pick disease; associated with splenic enlargement

A
71
Q

Located lateral to the second part of the duodenum

A

gallbladder

72
Q

Located anterior to the right kidney and transverse colon

A

gallbladder

73
Q

gallbladder length and diameter

A

7-10 cm long
3-4 cm in diameter

74
Q

Gallbladder neck may fold back on itself forming funnel-shaped passage called ………….

A

Hartmann’s pouch

75
Q

4 layers of gallbladder

A

Inner surface - epithelial mucosa with folds

Middle layer - muscular

A subserous layer

Outer subserosal surface (Adventitia)

76
Q

Connects the neck of the GB with the CHD and is usually 2-6cm in length

A

cystic duct

77
Q

Arises from superior aspect of gallbladder neck

A

cystic duct

78
Q

Lumen contains series of mucosal folds called the spiral valves of ………..

A

Heister

79
Q

If cystic is dilated, valves of heister can look like small stones. If it’s a real stone, show ……………….

A

movement and shadowing

80
Q

parallel to portal vein and hepatic artery

A

INTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS

81
Q

Join to form the common hepatic duct (CHD)

A

RIGHT AND LEFT HEPATIC DUCTS

82
Q

how much bile does a liver produce a day

A

up to 1 liter

82
Q

Courses inferiorly, along the right border of the lesser ommentum and posterior to the first part of the duodenum

A

common bile duct

83
Q

Crosses posterolateral aspect of the head of the pancreas just anterior to the IVC

A

common bile duct

84
Q

Narrows and enters the posteromedial aspect of the descending (second) portion of the duodenum

A

common bile duct

85
Q

Controls flow of bile and pancreatic enzymes into duodenum

A

SPHINCTER OF ODDI

86
Q

Once a patient gets older the duct may be dilated over 6mm.

how much over?

A

1mm per decade, 70 years= 7mm or .7cm

87
Q

bilirubin is bound to ……….. and sent to the liver.

A

albumin

88
Q

Bile is composed of …………………

A

water, bile salts, cholesterol and bilirubin

89
Q

When bile is needed the duodenum releases and enzyme called ……….. which travels via the blood stream to the gallbladder

A

cholecystokinin

90
Q

where are the bile salts/fats absorbed

A

ileum

91
Q

Branch of splenic artery that supplies the tail of the pancreas.

A

caudal pancreatic artery

92
Q

Junction of the splenic and superior mesenteric vein

A

portal-splenic confluence

93
Q

Helps supply blood to the pancreas along with the splenic artery

A

pancreaticoduodenal arteries

94
Q

Branch of the splenic artery that supplies the body of the pancreas

A

dorsal pancreatic artery

95
Q

Forms the right superior border of the body and head of the pancreas and gives rise to the gastroduodenal artery

A

common hepatic artery

96
Q

Tapered end of the pancreas that lies in the left hypochondrium near the hilus of the spleen and upper pole of the left kidney

A

tail of the pancreas

97
Q

Small, curved tip of the pancreatic head that lies posterior to the superior mesenteric vein

A

uncinate process

98
Q

Forms the lateral border of the head of the pancreas

A

C-loop of the duodenum

99
Q

Small area of the pancreas between the head and the body; anterior to the superior mesenteric vein

A

neck of the pancreas

100
Q

Largest duct of the pancreas that drains the tail, body, and head of the gland; it joins the common bile duct to enter the duodenum through the ampulla of Vater

A

duct of Wirsung

101
Q

Lies in the C-loop of the duodenum; the gastroduodenal artery is the anterolateral border, and the common bile duct is the posterolateral border

A

head of the pancreas

102
Q

Small accessory duct of the pancreas found in the head of the gland

A

duct of Santorini

103
Q

Lies in the midepigastrium anterior to the superior mesenteric artery and vein, aorta, and inferior vena cava

A

body of the pancreas

104
Q

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas to aid in the digestion of carbohydrates.

A

amylase

105
Q

Portion of the pancreas that has an endocrine function and produces insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.

A

islets of langerhans

106
Q

Hormone that causes glycogen formation from glucose in the liver and that allows circulating glucose to enter tissue cells

A

insulin

107
Q

Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fats; enzyme is elevated in pancreatitis and remains increased longer than amylase.

A

lipase

108
Q

Cells that perform exocrine function.

A

acini cells

109
Q

The kind of pancreatic function that involves the production of the hormone insulin

A

endocrine

110
Q

The kind of pancreatic function that involves the production and digestion of pancreatic juice.

A

exocrine

111
Q

Stimulates the liver to convert the glycogen to glucose; produced by alpha cells

A

glucagons

112
Q

Process by which the spleen removes nuclei from blood cells without destroying the erythrocytes

A

pitting

113
Q

Results from the failure of fusion of separate splenic masses forming on the dorsal mesogastrium; most commonly found in the splenic hilum or along the splenic vessels or associated ligaments

A

accessory spleen

114
Q

One of the ligaments between the stomach and spleen that helps to hold the spleen in place

A

gastrosplenic ligament

115
Q

Within the peritoneal cavity

A

intraperitoneal

116
Q

Complete absence of the spleen

A

splenic agenesis

117
Q

Ligament between the spleen and kidney that helps support the greater curvature of the stomach

A

lienorenal ligament

118
Q

Left upper quadrant of the abdomen that contains the left lobe of the liver, spleen, and stomach

A

left hypochondrium

119
Q

Leaves the splenic hilum, travels transversely through the upper abdomen to join with the superior mesenteric vein to form the main portal vein; serves as the posterior medial border of the pancreas

A

splenic vein

120
Q

Located in the middle of the spleen; site where vessels and lymph nodes enter and exit the spleen

A

splenic hilum

121
Q

Spleen that has migrated from its normal location in the left upper quadrant

A

wandering spleen

122
Q

Abnormal decrease of white blood corpuscles; may be drug induced

A

leukopenia

123
Q

Certain phagocytic cells (found in the liver and spleen) make up the reticuloendothelial system (RES); plays a role in the synthesis of blood proteins and hematopoiesis

A

reticuloendothelial

124
Q

Branch of the celiac axis; tortuous course toward the spleen; serves as the superior border of the pancreas

A

splenic artery

125
Q

Select the origin of the splenic artery.

A

celiac axis

126
Q

Select the origin of the great pancreatic artery.

A

splenic artery

127
Q

Select the origin of the gastroduodenal artery.

A

common hepatic artery

128
Q

The vessel formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein.

A

main portal vein

DMS 105- Sonog Anat of the Abdomen (4 decks)

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