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Crisis intervention > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Affective sharing
A

between self and the other (mirror neuron), based on the automatic perception-action coupling and resulting shared representations

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2
Q
  • Self/other awareness
A

Even when there is some temporary identification between observer and the target, there is no confusion between self and other

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3
Q
  • Emotion regulation
A

modulate parallel and reactive emotion

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4
Q

o Parallel emotion

A

feeling the emotion of other

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5
Q

o Reactive emotion

A

reactive emotion to others’ emotion or situation

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6
Q
  • Perspective taking
A

adopt the subjective perspective of the other

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7
Q
  • Acute stress disorder (ASD
A

symptoms continue for a period of 2 days to 1 month and have an onset within 1 month of the traumatic event
- If ASD symptoms develop, they will typically diminish in 1 to 3 months

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8
Q

What is the difference between acute stress disorder and PTSD?

A
  • Time, PTSD must be over 6 months
  • ASD does not have dissociative disorder
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9
Q

depersonalization

A

out of body experience, seeing yourself from outside your own body

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10
Q

derealization

A

Does not feel real; Ego is trying to help you cope

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11
Q

Delayed PTSD

A

when symptoms disappear for a period of time and then reemerge in a variety of symptomatic forms months or years after the event

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12
Q

Which psychologist first created PTSD?

A

Freud under the term “Hysterical neurosis” for women

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13
Q

PTSD must be -> Exposure to actual or threatened trauma:

A

o Death
o Serious injury
o Sexual violence

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14
Q

Person who experiences PTSD must be:

A

o Direct
o Witness
o Indirect- hearing about a close friend or relative who died accidentally or violently
o Repeated or extreme indirect exposure by professionals

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15
Q
  • Affective-State-Dependent Retention
A

that memories of the traumatic event can only be reached during similar circumstances

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16
Q
  • Residual impact
A

o Can happen even when someone has excellent coping skills and a positive support system
o Ex. veteran going into woods triggers PTSD (he thought he was over it, but it was just waiting for it’s moment)

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17
Q

Trauma type 1

A

o Sudden and distinct traumatic experience
o One event

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18
Q

Trauma type 2

A

o Lots of mini-events that build up into trauma

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19
Q
  • symptoms Intrusive-repetitive ideation
A

o Visual images triggered by sights, sounds, smells, or tactile cues

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20
Q
  • symptom Denial/numbing
A

o Emotions of guilt, sadness, anger, and rage
 Coping mechanism of numbing self during a fight or flight opportunity
 Repression

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21
Q
  • symptom Increased nervous system arousal
A

o Acoustic startle response
o Constantly on guard (cannot relax)
o Ex. can’t sit with back to other people

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22
Q
  • symptom Dissociation
A

o Possibly the most important long-term predictive variables for PTSD and is connected to “complex PTSD”
 Derealization (feels unreal)
 Depersonalization (out of body)

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23
Q

Symptom of social support in PTSD patients

A

o Possible discrepancy of reaction based on the type of trauma
o May go against the victim if they cannot deal with the trauma
 Rape victim’s partner leaves them because they blame the victim

o PTSD client needs a support system so much that the support system cannot pay attention to anyone else
 Ex. spouse attention versus children’s attention

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24
Q
  • Estrangement
A

o Feelings that any future relationships will be insignificant in the greater scheme of things
o Ex. domestic abuse victims may not trust men

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25
Q

Cross-cultural perspective of suicide

A

o Christian values think death is the worst; suicide is sinful
o Japanese values think dishonor is the worst; seppuku

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26
Q

Freudian Inward Aggression Theory

A

suicide is triggered by an intrapsychic conflict, that emerges due to great psychological stress
- It emerges either as a regression to a more primitive ego state or the aggressive feelings towards others or society are turned inward toward the self

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27
Q

Developmental Theory of Suicide

A
  • Individuals who do not successfully navigate life stages become mistrustful, guilt-ridden, isolated, and stagnant and may choose suicide as a way out
    o Lack of resilience. Lack of decision-making choices
    o Social media makes the decisions for you
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28
Q

Deficiencies suicide theory

A
  • Proposes that there is some mental deficiency such as mood disorders and coping difficulties in the suicidal individual
  • Mental deficiencies then become risk factors that lead to suicide
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29
Q

Escape theory, suicide theory

A
  • This perception leads to self-blame, heightened awareness of shortcomings, negative emotions, cognitive disintegration, focus on deficits, and eventually suicide exacerbated by intolerable perfectionism
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30
Q

Beck’s Hopelessness Suicide Theory

A
  • Hopelessness suggests that individuals believe desirable outcomes won’t occur or adverse outcomes will, feeling unable to change these situations
  • This sense of hopelessness is a significant risk factor for suicide
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31
Q

Shneidman’s Psychache Model Suicide Theory

A
  • Psychache, representing deep emotional anguish from emotions like guilt or loss, is tied to unmet psychological needs, with suicide seen as a way to end this pain
    o Ex. really messy breakup, feeling like you can never date again
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32
Q

Durkheim’s social integration suicide theory

A

4 types of social suicide’s
1. Egocentric suicide
2. Anomic suicide
3. Altruistic suicide
4. Fatalistic suicide

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33
Q

Egocentric suicide

A

 Stems from lack of integration or identification with a group
* Ex. school shooters

34
Q

o Anomic suicide

A

 Arises from a perceived or breakdown in the norms of society, ex. economic crises

35
Q

o Altruistic suicide

A

 Related to perceived or real social solidarity seen in hara-kiri or suicide attacks
* Ex. piolets in 9/11

36
Q

o Fatalistic suicide

A

 Arises in oppressively inescapable situations such as being confined in a concentration camp
* Ex. solitary confinement

37
Q

Suicide Trajectory Model

A
  • Model assesses the cumulative risk of suicide based on biological, psychological, cognitive and environmental factors
  • The presence and accumulation of these factors, like substance misuse, mental disorders, and access to firearms, increase suicide potential
38
Q

Joiner’s Interpersonal psychological theory of suicide

A

that lack of belongingness, feeling of burdensomeness, and acquired capability for suicide indicate high suicide risk

39
Q

Accidental suicide

A

o Unintentional self-injury leading to death can occur due to high negative affect and loss of control, complicating the differentiation from suicide
 Ex. Solo car crash, borderlines taking pills

40
Q
  • Neurochemical or neurophysiological malfunction Suicide
A

o Research suggests neurochemical changes correlate with suicide attempts and neuro-electrophysiological biomarkers may influence decision-making in suicidality
 Ex. Killing oneself over something minor

41
Q

Chaos theory of suicide

A

unpredictable suicidal behavior can occur in predictable systems, with minor or major environmental events triggering suicide

42
Q
  • Dying with Dignity/Rational suicide
A

o Rational suicide involves choosing death to escape incurable, painful illnesses or calamities, considering the impact on others and making a reasoned decision

43
Q
  • Interactional suicide
A

o Everstine’s view contrasts with Freud and Durkheim, suggesting suicide stems from external rage aimed at revenge and punishing a significant other
 Ex. If you break up with me, I will kill myself
 I’ll hurt myself to hurt you (BPD frequent

44
Q
  • Egological/Integrative
A

 More perturbation -> more lethality -> greater chance of suicide
 Ex. Apartment floods, boyfriend dumps you, trump is elected (everything is going wrong)

45
Q
  • Ludic
A

o Ludic suicides involve proving oneself in extreme ordeals or games, like Russian roulette, where death is a potential outcome of the challenge
 Ex. Duels

46
Q
  • Oblative
A

o Oblative suicides are sacrificial aiming for transcendence, exemplified by Buddhist monks self-immolating or drugs users overdosing for spiritual encounters

47
Q
  • Overlap model
A

like lack of social support, biological suicide, propensity, psychiatric disorders, personality issues, and family history, increasing suicide potential with overlap

48
Q
  • Parasuicide
A

o Parasuicide involves acts not directly lethal but can habituate one to the pain necessary to kill themselves by inflecting hesitation wounds including self-injury and risky behavior
 Working self-up to kill yourself, trying to get rid of fear
 Ex. Driving super-fast, standing on the ledge of high areas

49
Q
  • Attachment/traumatic bonding theory PV
A

o Disrupted early-life attachment affects adult relationships and may lead to PV
 Unhealthy relationship with partners at young age

50
Q
  • Coercive control
A

o Conjugal or intimate terrorism is akin to brainwashing, where abusers use extreme tactics such as physical isolation, torture, and sleep deprivation to break victims’ resistance
 Brainwashing and manipulation tactics to keep dependent on abuser
 Sociopathic tendencies

51
Q
  • Cultural reinforcement
A

o Sociological theories attribute PV roots to societal attitudes and structures, extending from national interests to family dynamics
 America promotes violence

52
Q
  • Exchange theory
A

o Abusers leverage their power as long as the benefits outweigh the costs
 Abusers hit people because they can
 Partner is too weak
 Ex. Diddy (wealth)

53
Q
  • Feminist theory
A

o It identifies PV as a product of patriarchal systems and broader societal oppression
 Ex. man is bossed around all day, goes home to boss around wife and kids

54
Q
  • Intraindividual theory
A

o The theory highlights the role of psychopathology and neurophysiological disorders in PV
 Drugs, PTSD, etc.
 BLPD with sociopaths/narcissists

55
Q
  • Battered woman syndrome/learned helplessness
A

o Victims feel incapable of leaving due to learned helplessness from continuous abuse
 They do not know what to do without that person

56
Q
  • Masochism
A

o A psychoanalytic theory held that erotic enjoyment of pain through battering is a treat found in abused women, is now largely debunked and obsolete
 No research support

57
Q
  • Nested ecological theory
A

o This theory integrates multiple layers of factors – individual, family, community, and societal, to explain PV

58
Q
  • Psychological entrapment
A

o Victims stay in abusive relationships due to invested time, energy, emotion, and shame
 Ex. cultural divorce rate (India: 1% of married couples divorce)
 Shame to themselves and to their family
 Wishful thinking: “I can fix him”

59
Q
  • Stockholm syndrome
A

o Victims develop affection for their abusers, possibly as a survival or appeasement strategy
 A small act of kindness in a dire situation can feel like a lot
 “You don’t know him like I do”

60
Q
  • Geographic isolation
A

o Limited access to external support enhances the victim’s vulnerability
 Ex. house in the middle of nowhere

61
Q
  • Disenfranchisement
A

o Marginalized groups’ fear of retribution hinders PV reporting

62
Q
  • Family only abuser
A

o Characterized by high dependency and poor communication

63
Q
  • Dysphoric/borderline abuser
A

o Marked by fears of abandonment and a history of parental rejection

64
Q
  • Generally violent/antisocial abuser
A

o Exhibits profound aggression and impulsive behavior
o Most intense type

65
Q
  • Low-level antisocial abuser
A

o Shows moderate levels of violence and antisocial behavior
o Antisocial TENDENCIES (not disorder)

66
Q
  • Greif
A

reacting to a loss

67
Q
  • Bereavement
A

the period after a loss during which grief and mourning occurs

68
Q
  • Mourning
A

process by which people adapt to loss (influenced by cultural beliefs)
o Period of mourning looks different for everyone

69
Q
  • Disenfranchised Grief
A

occurs when societal norms prevent open grieving, affecting various relationships and causing internalized grief

70
Q
  • Mourning
A

a communal expression of grief dictated by cultural norms, applicable to both death and nondeath losses
o Communal experience
o American ex. crying, color black, visiting the graveyard

71
Q

death-denying culture

A

do not discuss death

72
Q
  • Death-defying culture
A

trying to live as long as possible
o Ex. diet, medical care, working out, etc.

73
Q
  • Death acceptance culture
A

celebration of life, death is freely discussed

74
Q

Religion and control

A

o God is in control; I am not in control
o I need someone to be in control. Therefore, God is real
o Atheists use science to explain control

75
Q
  • Kübler-Ross’s Stages
A

o Model describes grief as having 5 stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. This model is popular but lacks empirical validation

76
Q
  • Bowlby’s Attachment theory
A

o Focuses on the griever’s relationship with the deceased and the need to detach emotionally, but its linear phase approach is contested
 Not always wanting to detach, they can still move on
 Not culturally inclusive (emotional bond with dead)

77
Q
  • Schneider’s Growth Model
A

o 8-Stage holistic model promoting personal growth through stress, loss, and grief,
 Emphasizing the positive aspects of trauma recovery (I can get something valuable through grief)

78
Q
  • Dual process model
A

o Model features two components: loss orientation, focusing on the loss itself, and restoration orientation adapting to life changes

79
Q
  • Adaptive model
A

 Intuitive people -> emotional
 Instrumental people -> problem solve (even loss
everyone needs a balance of both of these

80
Q
  • Constructivist model
A

 Assimilate -> keep schema, change the understanding of loss to fit the schema
 Accommodate -> Change schema to fit understanding

81
Q
  • Social norm theory
A

purpose that male peer aggression and female submission are part of the norm and justification for violent sexual interactions

82
Q

Why does rape happen

A
  • Male offenders may exhibit hostility, aggression, and hypermasculine self-views, often feeling weak and anxious underneath. They often view women as sexual objects, have control issues, and may engage in sadistic patterns during rape

Crisis intervention (2 decks)

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