Test 2 Flashcards
- Affective sharing
between self and the other (mirror neuron), based on the automatic perception-action coupling and resulting shared representations
- Self/other awareness
Even when there is some temporary identification between observer and the target, there is no confusion between self and other
- Emotion regulation
modulate parallel and reactive emotion
o Parallel emotion
feeling the emotion of other
o Reactive emotion
reactive emotion to others’ emotion or situation
- Perspective taking
adopt the subjective perspective of the other
- Acute stress disorder (ASD
symptoms continue for a period of 2 days to 1 month and have an onset within 1 month of the traumatic event
- If ASD symptoms develop, they will typically diminish in 1 to 3 months
What is the difference between acute stress disorder and PTSD?
- Time, PTSD must be over 6 months
- ASD does not have dissociative disorder
depersonalization
out of body experience, seeing yourself from outside your own body
derealization
Does not feel real; Ego is trying to help you cope
Delayed PTSD
when symptoms disappear for a period of time and then reemerge in a variety of symptomatic forms months or years after the event
Which psychologist first created PTSD?
Freud under the term “Hysterical neurosis” for women
PTSD must be -> Exposure to actual or threatened trauma:
o Death
o Serious injury
o Sexual violence
Person who experiences PTSD must be:
o Direct
o Witness
o Indirect- hearing about a close friend or relative who died accidentally or violently
o Repeated or extreme indirect exposure by professionals
- Affective-State-Dependent Retention
that memories of the traumatic event can only be reached during similar circumstances
- Residual impact
o Can happen even when someone has excellent coping skills and a positive support system
o Ex. veteran going into woods triggers PTSD (he thought he was over it, but it was just waiting for it’s moment)
Trauma type 1
o Sudden and distinct traumatic experience
o One event
Trauma type 2
o Lots of mini-events that build up into trauma
- symptoms Intrusive-repetitive ideation
o Visual images triggered by sights, sounds, smells, or tactile cues
- symptom Denial/numbing
o Emotions of guilt, sadness, anger, and rage
Coping mechanism of numbing self during a fight or flight opportunity
Repression
- symptom Increased nervous system arousal
o Acoustic startle response
o Constantly on guard (cannot relax)
o Ex. can’t sit with back to other people
- symptom Dissociation
o Possibly the most important long-term predictive variables for PTSD and is connected to “complex PTSD”
Derealization (feels unreal)
Depersonalization (out of body)
Symptom of social support in PTSD patients
o Possible discrepancy of reaction based on the type of trauma
o May go against the victim if they cannot deal with the trauma
Rape victim’s partner leaves them because they blame the victim
o PTSD client needs a support system so much that the support system cannot pay attention to anyone else
Ex. spouse attention versus children’s attention
- Estrangement
o Feelings that any future relationships will be insignificant in the greater scheme of things
o Ex. domestic abuse victims may not trust men
Cross-cultural perspective of suicide
o Christian values think death is the worst; suicide is sinful
o Japanese values think dishonor is the worst; seppuku
Freudian Inward Aggression Theory
suicide is triggered by an intrapsychic conflict, that emerges due to great psychological stress
- It emerges either as a regression to a more primitive ego state or the aggressive feelings towards others or society are turned inward toward the self
Developmental Theory of Suicide
- Individuals who do not successfully navigate life stages become mistrustful, guilt-ridden, isolated, and stagnant and may choose suicide as a way out
o Lack of resilience. Lack of decision-making choices
o Social media makes the decisions for you
Deficiencies suicide theory
- Proposes that there is some mental deficiency such as mood disorders and coping difficulties in the suicidal individual
- Mental deficiencies then become risk factors that lead to suicide
Escape theory, suicide theory
- This perception leads to self-blame, heightened awareness of shortcomings, negative emotions, cognitive disintegration, focus on deficits, and eventually suicide exacerbated by intolerable perfectionism
Beck’s Hopelessness Suicide Theory
- Hopelessness suggests that individuals believe desirable outcomes won’t occur or adverse outcomes will, feeling unable to change these situations
- This sense of hopelessness is a significant risk factor for suicide
Shneidman’s Psychache Model Suicide Theory
- Psychache, representing deep emotional anguish from emotions like guilt or loss, is tied to unmet psychological needs, with suicide seen as a way to end this pain
o Ex. really messy breakup, feeling like you can never date again
Durkheim’s social integration suicide theory
4 types of social suicide’s
1. Egocentric suicide
2. Anomic suicide
3. Altruistic suicide
4. Fatalistic suicide
Egocentric suicide
Stems from lack of integration or identification with a group
* Ex. school shooters
o Anomic suicide
Arises from a perceived or breakdown in the norms of society, ex. economic crises
o Altruistic suicide
Related to perceived or real social solidarity seen in hara-kiri or suicide attacks
* Ex. piolets in 9/11
o Fatalistic suicide
Arises in oppressively inescapable situations such as being confined in a concentration camp
* Ex. solitary confinement
Suicide Trajectory Model
- Model assesses the cumulative risk of suicide based on biological, psychological, cognitive and environmental factors
- The presence and accumulation of these factors, like substance misuse, mental disorders, and access to firearms, increase suicide potential
Joiner’s Interpersonal psychological theory of suicide
that lack of belongingness, feeling of burdensomeness, and acquired capability for suicide indicate high suicide risk
Accidental suicide
o Unintentional self-injury leading to death can occur due to high negative affect and loss of control, complicating the differentiation from suicide
Ex. Solo car crash, borderlines taking pills
- Neurochemical or neurophysiological malfunction Suicide
o Research suggests neurochemical changes correlate with suicide attempts and neuro-electrophysiological biomarkers may influence decision-making in suicidality
Ex. Killing oneself over something minor
Chaos theory of suicide
unpredictable suicidal behavior can occur in predictable systems, with minor or major environmental events triggering suicide
- Dying with Dignity/Rational suicide
o Rational suicide involves choosing death to escape incurable, painful illnesses or calamities, considering the impact on others and making a reasoned decision
- Interactional suicide
o Everstine’s view contrasts with Freud and Durkheim, suggesting suicide stems from external rage aimed at revenge and punishing a significant other
Ex. If you break up with me, I will kill myself
I’ll hurt myself to hurt you (BPD frequent
- Egological/Integrative
More perturbation -> more lethality -> greater chance of suicide
Ex. Apartment floods, boyfriend dumps you, trump is elected (everything is going wrong)
- Ludic
o Ludic suicides involve proving oneself in extreme ordeals or games, like Russian roulette, where death is a potential outcome of the challenge
Ex. Duels
- Oblative
o Oblative suicides are sacrificial aiming for transcendence, exemplified by Buddhist monks self-immolating or drugs users overdosing for spiritual encounters
- Overlap model
like lack of social support, biological suicide, propensity, psychiatric disorders, personality issues, and family history, increasing suicide potential with overlap
- Parasuicide
o Parasuicide involves acts not directly lethal but can habituate one to the pain necessary to kill themselves by inflecting hesitation wounds including self-injury and risky behavior
Working self-up to kill yourself, trying to get rid of fear
Ex. Driving super-fast, standing on the ledge of high areas
- Attachment/traumatic bonding theory PV
o Disrupted early-life attachment affects adult relationships and may lead to PV
Unhealthy relationship with partners at young age
- Coercive control
o Conjugal or intimate terrorism is akin to brainwashing, where abusers use extreme tactics such as physical isolation, torture, and sleep deprivation to break victims’ resistance
Brainwashing and manipulation tactics to keep dependent on abuser
Sociopathic tendencies
- Cultural reinforcement
o Sociological theories attribute PV roots to societal attitudes and structures, extending from national interests to family dynamics
America promotes violence
- Exchange theory
o Abusers leverage their power as long as the benefits outweigh the costs
Abusers hit people because they can
Partner is too weak
Ex. Diddy (wealth)
- Feminist theory
o It identifies PV as a product of patriarchal systems and broader societal oppression
Ex. man is bossed around all day, goes home to boss around wife and kids
- Intraindividual theory
o The theory highlights the role of psychopathology and neurophysiological disorders in PV
Drugs, PTSD, etc.
BLPD with sociopaths/narcissists
- Battered woman syndrome/learned helplessness
o Victims feel incapable of leaving due to learned helplessness from continuous abuse
They do not know what to do without that person
- Masochism
o A psychoanalytic theory held that erotic enjoyment of pain through battering is a treat found in abused women, is now largely debunked and obsolete
No research support
- Nested ecological theory
o This theory integrates multiple layers of factors – individual, family, community, and societal, to explain PV
- Psychological entrapment
o Victims stay in abusive relationships due to invested time, energy, emotion, and shame
Ex. cultural divorce rate (India: 1% of married couples divorce)
Shame to themselves and to their family
Wishful thinking: “I can fix him”
- Stockholm syndrome
o Victims develop affection for their abusers, possibly as a survival or appeasement strategy
A small act of kindness in a dire situation can feel like a lot
“You don’t know him like I do”
- Geographic isolation
o Limited access to external support enhances the victim’s vulnerability
Ex. house in the middle of nowhere
- Disenfranchisement
o Marginalized groups’ fear of retribution hinders PV reporting
- Family only abuser
o Characterized by high dependency and poor communication
- Dysphoric/borderline abuser
o Marked by fears of abandonment and a history of parental rejection
- Generally violent/antisocial abuser
o Exhibits profound aggression and impulsive behavior
o Most intense type
- Low-level antisocial abuser
o Shows moderate levels of violence and antisocial behavior
o Antisocial TENDENCIES (not disorder)
- Greif
reacting to a loss
- Bereavement
the period after a loss during which grief and mourning occurs
- Mourning
process by which people adapt to loss (influenced by cultural beliefs)
o Period of mourning looks different for everyone
- Disenfranchised Grief
occurs when societal norms prevent open grieving, affecting various relationships and causing internalized grief
- Mourning
a communal expression of grief dictated by cultural norms, applicable to both death and nondeath losses
o Communal experience
o American ex. crying, color black, visiting the graveyard
death-denying culture
do not discuss death
- Death-defying culture
trying to live as long as possible
o Ex. diet, medical care, working out, etc.
- Death acceptance culture
celebration of life, death is freely discussed
Religion and control
o God is in control; I am not in control
o I need someone to be in control. Therefore, God is real
o Atheists use science to explain control
- Kübler-Ross’s Stages
o Model describes grief as having 5 stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. This model is popular but lacks empirical validation
- Bowlby’s Attachment theory
o Focuses on the griever’s relationship with the deceased and the need to detach emotionally, but its linear phase approach is contested
Not always wanting to detach, they can still move on
Not culturally inclusive (emotional bond with dead)
- Schneider’s Growth Model
o 8-Stage holistic model promoting personal growth through stress, loss, and grief,
Emphasizing the positive aspects of trauma recovery (I can get something valuable through grief)
- Dual process model
o Model features two components: loss orientation, focusing on the loss itself, and restoration orientation adapting to life changes
- Adaptive model
Intuitive people -> emotional
Instrumental people -> problem solve (even loss
everyone needs a balance of both of these
- Constructivist model
Assimilate -> keep schema, change the understanding of loss to fit the schema
Accommodate -> Change schema to fit understanding
- Social norm theory
purpose that male peer aggression and female submission are part of the norm and justification for violent sexual interactions
Why does rape happen
- Male offenders may exhibit hostility, aggression, and hypermasculine self-views, often feeling weak and anxious underneath. They often view women as sexual objects, have control issues, and may engage in sadistic patterns during rape
