Test 1 Flashcards
Eye contact
client eye contact will tell a lot about their emotional levels
voice
tone is used to communicate internal feelings
Verbal tracking
staying with client’s topic, making sure they stay on topic
selective attention
type of verbal tracking, we tend to listen to some things and ignore others
body language
body tells about internal feelings
pay attention to the distance between you
nonattention
o Sometimes it is helpful to not pay attention to certain conversations/statements
Ex. if client brings something up over and over, you may ignore it so they can move on
open questions
questions that are answered in multiple words/sentences
closed questions
Answered in few words (yes or no questions)
encouragers
o Head nods, open gestures, positive facial expression, vocal reactions
paraphrasing
o Goal is to clarify the issue through simpler terms
Try to stick with words client uses
Make clear what they shared
o Reaction emotion
understanding your own feelings
o Parallel emotion
understanding client’s feelings
o Cultural empathy
understanding another races feelings towards something, and how it is different from yours
check out
end of paraphrasing (did I miss anything?)
Facial expression
- Eyebrows, lips, pupils, breathing, color changes, and smiling at inappropriate times
- Movement synchrony
counselor and patient have identical positions (hand movements, sitting, etc.)
- Movement complementarity
passing the conversation from each other very quickly, they speak one after the other
- Movement desynchrony
lack of harmony in movement is common between people in disagreements
- Echoing
seeing the client change body language, and you unconsciously a line with client
Confrontation
o Identify mixed messages (patterns!)
o Work through conflict to resolution
o Intervention on client change and growth after the resolution
- Reflection of feeling
add to paraphrase effective and affection words that the client has used, including tones
o Focus on clients’ emotions instead of just words (not just things they share with you)
- Reflecting meaning
paraphrase of actions of self or others
o Do not make assumptions, do not interrupt
o What and why questions (why are you disappointed?)
- Individual crisis
A crisis is the perception or experience of an event or situation as an intolerable difficulty that exceeds the person’s current resources and coping mechanisms
- Behavioral emergency
crisis escalates to immediate danger for injury or death to someone involved in the crisis
- Parasuicide
when a person in crisis accidentally or intentionally places themselves in a position to be killed
o Ex. Driving really fast, OD, bridge, cop suicide
- Systemic crisis
a traumatic event occurs such that people, institutions, communities, and ecologies are overwhelmed, and response systems are unable to effectively contain and control the event in regard to both physical and psychological reactions to it
o Ex: 9/11, product shutdown
Metastasizing crisis
occurs when a small, isolated incident is not contained and begins to spread (homelessness)
o Primary prevention
stopping a problem/crisis before it starts
o Secondary intervention
minimizing the harmful effects that have already occurred
In what ways is crisis a positive thing
it creates dangerous opportunities for change
what are quick fixes to crisis
no quick fixes, only defense mechs and avoidance
Crises are both universal and unique
everyone will have a crisis; everyone will have a different reaction
Transcrisis
- A transcrisis state occurs when unresolved issues from a previous traumatic event resurface because of a current stressor
o Ex. current boyfriend is distant, and your trauma kicks in, and you assume he is cheating on you like your ex
what is the difference between transcrisis and PTSD
PTSD is a specific type of transcrisis
Transcrisis points
are about moving forward and opportunities past the transcrisis
Basic crisis theory (Lindamont)
- Behavioral responses related to grief are normal and temporary and can relived with short-term intervention techniques
brief therapy
o Brief therapy attempts to remediate ongoing emotional issues
Counseling technique; NOT FOR CRISIS
Expanded crisis theory
- Explores social, environmental and situational factors of a crisis
o Psychoanalytic theory
Early childhood experiences determine why a traumatic event becomes a crisis
o General systems theory
Examines the interdependence and relationships among people and between people and events
* Ex. One person is NOT suicidal because they have a support system
o Ecosystems
Extension of systems theory to include an environmental context
o Race, gender, class, living conditions, etc.
o Adaptational theory
Crisis is sustained through maladaptive behavior
Ex. Alcohol use, ice cream and Netflix
o Interpersonal theory
A state of crisis can not be sustained if a person has an intact sense of self-worth and has a healthy support system
Ex. strong relationships as support
o Chaos theory
The theory of evolution applied to human functioning as a self-organizing system
Ex. humans incapable of seeing why something happens (why crisis happens)
o Developmental theory
The potential for crisis arises from developmental tasks that are not accomplished
Ex. someone who does not know how to manage finances, navigate self-living, identiy of being an all A’s student
Normal developmental crises
o Consequences of events in typical human developmental that produce an abnormal response
Ex. birth of child, graduate school, career challenge
applied crisis theory
4 cores: normal development, situational crisis, Existential crises, Ecosystemic crises
Situational crises
o Occurs when an uncommon event, that the individual or system has no way to predict or control, causes extreme stress
Ex. terrorist attacks, automobile accidents, sudden illness, breakup
Existential crises
o A result of intrapersonal conflicts related to one’s sense of purpose, responsibility, independence, freedom or commitment
Ecosystemic crises
o When a natural or human-caused disaster overtakes a person or system through not fault of their own
Natural phenomena (hurricanes, tornadoes, fires)
Biological derived (COVID
- Equilibrium model
o Crises are seen as a state of psychological disequilibrium
Ex. boyfriend cheats on you with your best friend
o Main focus is on stabilizing the individual
- Cognitive model
o The crisis is a result of distorted thinking related to an event, not the event itself
o The goal is to help people change their perception of the crisis event
- Psychosocial transition model
o Assumes that people are products of their genes and their environmental
o Goal is for the person to gain coping mechanisms and establish a support system
- Task 0: Safety
o Assessing physical and psychological safety is a continuous process being safe
o Safety must be obtained and maintained
- Task 1: Engaging
o Clients may not want to talk or may be so out of control that they are not even aware of the crisis worker’s presence
o Engage in such a way that clients will be receptive to intervention
- Task 2: Problem Exploration
o Define the problem from the client’s point of view (EMPATHY)
May be difficult during the middle of a chaotic situation
- Task 3: Providing support
o Communicate concern for the client
o Three types of support
psychological support
unconditional positive regard and empathy
logistical support
- Physical support (food, water, shelter, etc.)
- Education
- Resources
social support
- Examine the client’s primary support system
- Task 4: Examining Alternatives
Situational supports
Coping mechanisms
Positive thinking patterns
- Task 5: Planning
o Create a plan includes:
Identifying resources for immediate support
Develop coping mechanisms
- Task 6: Obtaining commitment
o If lethality is involved, a commitment may need to be written and signed by both parties
o If there is any hesitation, crisis worker may need to revisit earlier tasks
- Task 7: Follow-up
o Time frame of minutes, hours, or days
o Inquire about the client’s ability to maintain mobility and equilibrium
Reinforces the crisis worker’s support of the client
