Test 2 Flashcards
What is at the heart of communities for health promotion and community action?
Empowerment of communities, their ownership, and control of their own endeavours
Define a healthy community
Where people, organizations, and local institutions work together to improve the social, economic, and environmental conditions that make people healthy that focuses on the SDOH
List the 12 characteristics of a healthy community
- clean and safe physical environments
- peace, equity, and social justice
- adequate access to food, clean water, shelter, income, safety, work, and recreation
- strong, mutually-supportive relationships and networks
- wide participation of residents in decision-making
- strong cultural and spiritual heritage
- diverse and robust economy
- opportunities for learning and skill development
- access to health services, including public health and preventative programs
- workplaces that are supportive of individual and family well-being
- Protection of natural environment
- responsible use of resources to ensure long-term sustainability
What two key things are essential for CHN practice?
Partnerships and relationships
What is at the foundation of community partnerships?
Collaborative decision-making efforts in health planning
What 11 elements are part of effective community partnerships?
- equality in decision-making
- a shared vision
- integrity
- agreement on specific goals & objectives
- a plan of action to meet goals
- respect for diversity
- mutual trust and respect
- open, honest, and clear communication
- flexible structures and processes
- power-sharing strategies
- capacity building
Effective community partnerships allow ____ to engage in community _____ building and community _____ development
Effective community partnerships allow CHNs to engage in community capacity building and community development.
Is capacity building and community development up or downstream?
Upstream
What are the four steps to the traditional community health promotion approach and underlying assumptions?
Felt-need identification of problem, analysis of causes, analysis of possible solutions, and action planning (treatment)
Assumptions - community is a problem to be fixed, experts know best, deficit model
What are the three steps in strength-based approach for health promotion in communities and 3 underlying assumptions?
Appreciating and valuing the best of what exists, envisioning the potential based on strengths, and dialoguing what can be done
Assumptions - the community can address its problems, community knows best, asset model
what two aspects does community capacity building rely heavily on?
Collaboration and partnerships
What is the core principle of community capacity building?
Identifying and working with existing community strengths to promote a positive view of the community
What is the predominant focus of community capacity building?
Helping communities become stronger based on their assets rather than letting deficiencies define them
What are the three ways that CHNs are involved in community capacity building?
- CHNs actively involve the community in decisions about programs and initiatives (working WITH the community
- Identify specific needs, assets, and resources of the community
- Partnerships are developed and resources identified to address those needs
Define the CHN standard 5 for capacity building?
CHNs partner with the client to promote capacity. The focus is to recognize barriers to health and to mobilize and build on existing strengths
List the first 6/11 activities associated with standard 5 for capacity building
- uses an asset approach
- enhances the client’s ability to recognize strengths, challenges, and resources available that impact health
- Assists the client in making informed decisions for health priorities
- uses capacity building strategies (mutual goal setting, facilitation, etc.)
- Helps client identify and access available resources to address health needs
- Supports the client to build capacity and advocate for themselves
List the second 7/11 activities associated with standard 5 for capacity building
- supports environmental development conducive to healthy lifestyle choices
- recognizes unique history of indigenous people and incorporate indigenous ways of knowing into capacity building efforts
- uses different strategies to build community capacity (coalition building, intersectional collaboration, community engagement, partnerships)
- supports community-based action to influence health policy change
- evaluate the impact of capacity building efforts in partnership with the client
Define CASN entry to practice competency 2.4 for undergrads that speaks to assessment
Participates in group/community/population health assessment and analysis identifying opportunities and risks by using multiple methods and sources of knowing in partnership with the client.
Define CASN entry to practice competency 4.1 for undergrads that speaks to engagement
Engages with the community, in particular populations facing inequities, using a capacity building/mobilization approach to address public health issues.
Define CASN entry to practice competency 4.2 for undergrads that speaks to collaboration
Collaborates and advocates with the community to promote and protect the health of the community.
Define CASN entry to practice competency 4.3 for undergrads that speaks to coalitions
Seeks opportunities to participate in coalitions and inter-sectoral partnerships to develop and implement strategies to promote health.
What does the IIECE acronym stand for? What does it aim to do?
Inform, input, engage, collaborate, and empower
Speaks to increasing public involvement
Define inform in increasing public involvement and provide an example
CHN gives information to the community members
ex. Giving a pamphlet, social media campaign
Define input in increasing public involvement and provide an example
Information is sought from community members
ex. Survey
Define engage in increasing public involvement and provide an example
CHN and community members talk and understand each other
ex. Participatory data/observation, interviews and support groups, structured public consult
Define collaborate in increasing public involvement and provide an example
CHN and community members work together
ex. health organizations work collaboratively with other partners, such as school and health
Define empower in increasing public involvement and provide an example
CHN works with community members to build capacity
ex. community members are able to make decisions on their own, control their own health
What is foundational definition/goal of community development?
Community is engaged in a dynamic, continuous process of social change that leads to permanent enhancements in people’s lives (product)
building communities from the inside out
What are the 9 aspects that provide a grassroots approach to community development
- assume responsibility and control for decisions
- organize and plan together
- develop healthy options
- empower themselves
- reduce ignorance, poverty, and suffering
- create employment and opportunities
- achieve social and/or health goals
- move from current to desired situation
- realize their potential
List the 9 steps in community development
- defining the issue
- initiating the process
- planning community conversations
- talking, discovering and connecting
- creating an asset map
- mobilizing the community
- taking action
- planning and implementing
- evaluating
What does PEIEW stand for? What is it used for?
promote, engage, incorporate, enhance, and work with
the way that CHNs can be involved in community development
Define the promote section of CHN involvement in community development
promote active and representative engagement with all community members
Define the engage section of CHN involvement in community development
engage community members in learning about community issues
Define the incorporate section of CHN involvement in community development
incorporate the diverse interests and cultures of the community in the community development process
Define the enhance section of CHN involvement in community development
work actively to enhance leadership capacity of community members
Define the work with section of CHN involvement in community development
work with the community
What are the two outcomes of community development? define both
Sustainability - maintenance and continuation of established programs, occurs when members of the community are involved as partners in the community development process
Community competence - community empowerment, able to use its problem-solving abilities to identify and deal with community health issues
When does sustainability in community development occur?
when members of the community are involved as partners in the community development process
What does the Canadian Community as Partner Model depict?
Depicts the community as a dynamic system that interacts with its environment and outlines partnerships with the community as essential
Review the CCAP in textbook*
What are the three levels of prevention in the CCAP?
Primary, secondary, and tertiary
What are the three central factors of the CCAP model?
focus on community as a system, people in the community are engaged partners in action, use of the problem-solving process
What are the three primary goals of the CCAP model?
- Decrease potential of the community to encounter stressors
- limit the impact or effects of stressors on the community through prevention interventions
- build the capacity of the community to act on its own behalf (healthy people in a healthy and resilient community)
Define how CHNs have a role in community development and health (conclusionary statement at end of slides)
have a clear and important role in strengthening community action, which includes creation of community partnerships, community capacity building, community development, and utilization of the Canadian Community as Partner Model to empower communities to create sustainable change.
Describe what the Lalonde report did for health beliefs/perspectives
- Spoke of the determinants of health, but not the social aspect of them
- Outlined four main domains that the determinants fell into (Lifestyle, behaviour, biological, and health services)
- First document to challenge the biomedical model
Define the difference between primary care and primary health care
Primary care - first line clinical services that are on entry point into the health system
Primary health care - principle-based, comprehensive approach that attends to the SDOH and health promotion, and is centred around social justice
What are the five principles of primary health care?
accessibility, public participation, health promotion, appropriate technology, and intersectoral collaboration
What three values allow primary health care to promote access to health and not just health care alone?
Equity, social justice, and participation
The way we understand health has been largely influenced by the different ____ of health systems
Models
What does the largest proportion of health care funding go toward?
Goes to treatment services rather than to disease and injury preventions and health promotion services
What must be done to move toward a greater sense of primary health care?
Health promotion proponents need to communicate the link between social determinants of health and population health status
The health system must recognize that health is created and sustained in the community
What is the settings approach? What are three examples of it?
Looking at community settings to improve the health of individuals
Hospitals, schools, and healthy/safe communities
Describe the health promoting hospital movement
Designed to assist hospitals reorient service delivery by incorporating the principles of capacity building and organizational change to promote health
What does the health promoting hospital movement acknowledge in regard to SDOH/environment
Acknowledges that factors contributing to health are in the broad determinants of health including social, economic, ecological, and built environments
Describe the health promoting schools movement
Based on the premise that health is a prerequisite for learning
Schools are uniquely positioned to inspire action on many determinants of healthy child and adolescent development
Describe the healthy and safe communities sector and what it predominantly focuses on
A focus on Canadian policies and programs
Includes movements that are outside of traditional health purview, such as programs to ensure cities and neighbourhood are safe and healthy
Primary health care is a ___ as much as it is a service framework
Philosophy
What are the four domains of healthy schools as outlined by the BC school movement?
teaching and learning, healthy school policy, partnerships and services, social and physical environment
Define a policy
A broad goal or statement outlined by a facility, organization, program, or governing body that reflects certain directives or goals to be pursued
Define a healthy public policy
Involves advocacy for any health, income, environmental, or social policy that fosters greater equity, creates a setting for health, and increases options/resources for health
What is the difference between public health policy and healthy public policy
Public health - concerned with the health care system, dominated by technology/biomedical sciences, sectoral in approach, reactive
Healthy public policy - concerned with creating a healthy society, dominated by the soft health path and involves individual and community in the solution, holistic in nature, future oriented (pre and proactive)
Provide examples of health policy and healthy public policy
Healthy policy - universal health care, focus on specific health priorities, health screening programs or research
healthy public policy - workplace safety, housing services, foreign trade, immigration policies, gun policies
Provide broad examples of downstream interventions and its level of impact
Individual health education and health counselling or coaching
Potential impact on individual, but may not change living conditions or increase equity
Provide broad examples of midstream interventions and its level of impact
Capacity building and community development
Improved health and living conditions but may not increase equity
Provide broad examples of upstream interventions and its level of impact
change to the environment, policy change, and healthy public policy
Socially just society with improved health, living conditions, and equity
Define a reactive policy
policy responding to issues and factors that emerge, sometimes with little warning from the internal or external environments
Define a preactive policy
Policy that respond to triggers that are recognized because we are scanning the environment and identifying potential issues
Define a proactive policy
truly proactive policies are rare
policy often needs urgency to move forward
Define trade offs & opportunity costs
There is a trade off with any economic choice and companies will often take opportunistic measures for costs
Define sunk and fixed costs
Sunk costs is money that is lost regardless of what happens and fixed costs are upfront costs that can be eventually recoverable
What are the four basic steps in the policy cycle?
getting on the policy agenda, moving into action, implementation and change, and policy evaluation and revision
Define the intervention ladder
A guide to consider the acceptability and justification of different policy initiatives to improve public health; the higher up the ladder where policy intervenes, the stronger the justification must be
The higher the policy lands on the ladder, the more resistance it will be met with
Describe what choices are available at each step of the first 4 out of 8 rung ladder
- Do nothing or simply monitor situation
- Provide information and inform (i.e., campaigns)
- Enable choice (i.e., offering programs, building bike lanes)
- Guide choices through changing the default policy (i.e., not offering fries as standard side option at restaurants)
Describe what choices are available at each step of the last 4 out of 8 rung ladder
- Guide choices through incentives (i.e., tax breaks for bike purchases)
- Guide choice through disincentives (i.e., taxes on cigarettes)
- Restrict choice (i.e., removing sodium from food)
- Eliminate choice (i.e., compulsory isolation of patients w/ diseases)
Define a position statement
Viewpoint of a particular issue and provides documented background data on the issue
Often justifies a particular policy stance
Define a position paper
Presents one or several positions on an issue or policy problem
Presents one side of an argument with the goal to convince the audience that your opinion is valid and defensible
