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Community Health > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is at the heart of communities for health promotion and community action?

A

Empowerment of communities, their ownership, and control of their own endeavours

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2
Q

Define a healthy community

A

Where people, organizations, and local institutions work together to improve the social, economic, and environmental conditions that make people healthy that focuses on the SDOH

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3
Q

List the 12 characteristics of a healthy community

A
  1. clean and safe physical environments
  2. peace, equity, and social justice
  3. adequate access to food, clean water, shelter, income, safety, work, and recreation
  4. strong, mutually-supportive relationships and networks
  5. wide participation of residents in decision-making
  6. strong cultural and spiritual heritage
  7. diverse and robust economy
  8. opportunities for learning and skill development
  9. access to health services, including public health and preventative programs
  10. workplaces that are supportive of individual and family well-being
  11. Protection of natural environment
  12. responsible use of resources to ensure long-term sustainability
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4
Q

What two key things are essential for CHN practice?

A

Partnerships and relationships

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5
Q

What is at the foundation of community partnerships?

A

Collaborative decision-making efforts in health planning

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6
Q

What 11 elements are part of effective community partnerships?

A
  1. equality in decision-making
  2. a shared vision
  3. integrity
  4. agreement on specific goals & objectives
  5. a plan of action to meet goals
  6. respect for diversity
  7. mutual trust and respect
  8. open, honest, and clear communication
  9. flexible structures and processes
  10. power-sharing strategies
  11. capacity building
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7
Q

Effective community partnerships allow ____ to engage in community _____ building and community _____ development

A

Effective community partnerships allow CHNs to engage in community capacity building and community development.

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8
Q

Is capacity building and community development up or downstream?

A

Upstream

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9
Q

What are the four steps to the traditional community health promotion approach and underlying assumptions?

A

Felt-need identification of problem, analysis of causes, analysis of possible solutions, and action planning (treatment)

Assumptions - community is a problem to be fixed, experts know best, deficit model

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10
Q

What are the three steps in strength-based approach for health promotion in communities and 3 underlying assumptions?

A

Appreciating and valuing the best of what exists, envisioning the potential based on strengths, and dialoguing what can be done

Assumptions - the community can address its problems, community knows best, asset model

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11
Q

what two aspects does community capacity building rely heavily on?

A

Collaboration and partnerships

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12
Q

What is the core principle of community capacity building?

A

Identifying and working with existing community strengths to promote a positive view of the community

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13
Q

What is the predominant focus of community capacity building?

A

Helping communities become stronger based on their assets rather than letting deficiencies define them

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14
Q

What are the three ways that CHNs are involved in community capacity building?

A
  1. CHNs actively involve the community in decisions about programs and initiatives (working WITH the community
  2. Identify specific needs, assets, and resources of the community
  3. Partnerships are developed and resources identified to address those needs
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15
Q

Define the CHN standard 5 for capacity building?

A

CHNs partner with the client to promote capacity. The focus is to recognize barriers to health and to mobilize and build on existing strengths

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16
Q

List the first 6/11 activities associated with standard 5 for capacity building

A
  1. uses an asset approach
  2. enhances the client’s ability to recognize strengths, challenges, and resources available that impact health
  3. Assists the client in making informed decisions for health priorities
  4. uses capacity building strategies (mutual goal setting, facilitation, etc.)
  5. Helps client identify and access available resources to address health needs
  6. Supports the client to build capacity and advocate for themselves
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17
Q

List the second 7/11 activities associated with standard 5 for capacity building

A
  1. supports environmental development conducive to healthy lifestyle choices
  2. recognizes unique history of indigenous people and incorporate indigenous ways of knowing into capacity building efforts
  3. uses different strategies to build community capacity (coalition building, intersectional collaboration, community engagement, partnerships)
  4. supports community-based action to influence health policy change
  5. evaluate the impact of capacity building efforts in partnership with the client
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18
Q

Define CASN entry to practice competency 2.4 for undergrads that speaks to assessment

A

Participates in group/community/population health assessment and analysis identifying opportunities and risks by using multiple methods and sources of knowing in partnership with the client.

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19
Q

Define CASN entry to practice competency 4.1 for undergrads that speaks to engagement

A

Engages with the community, in particular populations facing inequities, using a capacity building/mobilization approach to address public health issues.

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20
Q

Define CASN entry to practice competency 4.2 for undergrads that speaks to collaboration

A

Collaborates and advocates with the community to promote and protect the health of the community.

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21
Q

Define CASN entry to practice competency 4.3 for undergrads that speaks to coalitions

A

Seeks opportunities to participate in coalitions and inter-sectoral partnerships to develop and implement strategies to promote health.

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22
Q

What does the IIECE acronym stand for? What does it aim to do?

A

Inform, input, engage, collaborate, and empower

Speaks to increasing public involvement

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23
Q

Define inform in increasing public involvement and provide an example

A

CHN gives information to the community members

ex. Giving a pamphlet, social media campaign

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24
Q

Define input in increasing public involvement and provide an example

A

Information is sought from community members

ex. Survey

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25
Q

Define engage in increasing public involvement and provide an example

A

CHN and community members talk and understand each other

ex. Participatory data/observation, interviews and support groups, structured public consult

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26
Q

Define collaborate in increasing public involvement and provide an example

A

CHN and community members work together

ex. health organizations work collaboratively with other partners, such as school and health

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27
Q

Define empower in increasing public involvement and provide an example

A

CHN works with community members to build capacity

ex. community members are able to make decisions on their own, control their own health

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28
Q

What is foundational definition/goal of community development?

A

Community is engaged in a dynamic, continuous process of social change that leads to permanent enhancements in people’s lives (product)

building communities from the inside out

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29
Q

What are the 9 aspects that provide a grassroots approach to community development

A
  1. assume responsibility and control for decisions
  2. organize and plan together
  3. develop healthy options
  4. empower themselves
  5. reduce ignorance, poverty, and suffering
  6. create employment and opportunities
  7. achieve social and/or health goals
  8. move from current to desired situation
  9. realize their potential
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30
Q

List the 9 steps in community development

A
  1. defining the issue
  2. initiating the process
  3. planning community conversations
  4. talking, discovering and connecting
  5. creating an asset map
  6. mobilizing the community
  7. taking action
  8. planning and implementing
  9. evaluating
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31
Q

What does PEIEW stand for? What is it used for?

A

promote, engage, incorporate, enhance, and work with

the way that CHNs can be involved in community development

32
Q

Define the promote section of CHN involvement in community development

A

promote active and representative engagement with all community members

33
Q

Define the engage section of CHN involvement in community development

A

engage community members in learning about community issues

34
Q

Define the incorporate section of CHN involvement in community development

A

incorporate the diverse interests and cultures of the community in the community development process

35
Q

Define the enhance section of CHN involvement in community development

A

work actively to enhance leadership capacity of community members

36
Q

Define the work with section of CHN involvement in community development

A

work with the community

37
Q

What are the two outcomes of community development? define both

A

Sustainability - maintenance and continuation of established programs, occurs when members of the community are involved as partners in the community development process

Community competence - community empowerment, able to use its problem-solving abilities to identify and deal with community health issues

38
Q

When does sustainability in community development occur?

A

when members of the community are involved as partners in the community development process

39
Q

What does the Canadian Community as Partner Model depict?

A

Depicts the community as a dynamic system that interacts with its environment and outlines partnerships with the community as essential

40
Q

Review the CCAP in textbook*

A
41
Q

What are the three levels of prevention in the CCAP?

A

Primary, secondary, and tertiary

42
Q

What are the three central factors of the CCAP model?

A

focus on community as a system, people in the community are engaged partners in action, use of the problem-solving process

43
Q

What are the three primary goals of the CCAP model?

A
  1. Decrease potential of the community to encounter stressors
  2. limit the impact or effects of stressors on the community through prevention interventions
  3. build the capacity of the community to act on its own behalf (healthy people in a healthy and resilient community)
44
Q

Define how CHNs have a role in community development and health (conclusionary statement at end of slides)

A

have a clear and important role in strengthening community action, which includes creation of community partnerships, community capacity building, community development, and utilization of the Canadian Community as Partner Model to empower communities to create sustainable change.

45
Q

Describe what the Lalonde report did for health beliefs/perspectives

A
  • Spoke of the determinants of health, but not the social aspect of them
  • Outlined four main domains that the determinants fell into (Lifestyle, behaviour, biological, and health services)
  • First document to challenge the biomedical model
46
Q

Define the difference between primary care and primary health care

A

Primary care - first line clinical services that are on entry point into the health system

Primary health care - principle-based, comprehensive approach that attends to the SDOH and health promotion, and is centred around social justice

47
Q

What are the five principles of primary health care?

A

accessibility, public participation, health promotion, appropriate technology, and intersectoral collaboration

48
Q

What three values allow primary health care to promote access to health and not just health care alone?

A

Equity, social justice, and participation

49
Q

The way we understand health has been largely influenced by the different ____ of health systems

A

Models

50
Q

What does the largest proportion of health care funding go toward?

A

Goes to treatment services rather than to disease and injury preventions and health promotion services

51
Q

What must be done to move toward a greater sense of primary health care?

A

Health promotion proponents need to communicate the link between social determinants of health and population health status

The health system must recognize that health is created and sustained in the community

52
Q

What is the settings approach? What are three examples of it?

A

Looking at community settings to improve the health of individuals

Hospitals, schools, and healthy/safe communities

53
Q

Describe the health promoting hospital movement

A

Designed to assist hospitals reorient service delivery by incorporating the principles of capacity building and organizational change to promote health

54
Q

What does the health promoting hospital movement acknowledge in regard to SDOH/environment

A

Acknowledges that factors contributing to health are in the broad determinants of health including social, economic, ecological, and built environments

55
Q

Describe the health promoting schools movement

A

Based on the premise that health is a prerequisite for learning

Schools are uniquely positioned to inspire action on many determinants of healthy child and adolescent development

56
Q

Describe the healthy and safe communities sector and what it predominantly focuses on

A

A focus on Canadian policies and programs

Includes movements that are outside of traditional health purview, such as programs to ensure cities and neighbourhood are safe and healthy

57
Q

Primary health care is a ___ as much as it is a service framework

A

Philosophy

58
Q

What are the four domains of healthy schools as outlined by the BC school movement?

A

teaching and learning, healthy school policy, partnerships and services, social and physical environment

59
Q

Define a policy

A

A broad goal or statement outlined by a facility, organization, program, or governing body that reflects certain directives or goals to be pursued

60
Q

Define a healthy public policy

A

Involves advocacy for any health, income, environmental, or social policy that fosters greater equity, creates a setting for health, and increases options/resources for health

61
Q

What is the difference between public health policy and healthy public policy

A

Public health - concerned with the health care system, dominated by technology/biomedical sciences, sectoral in approach, reactive

Healthy public policy - concerned with creating a healthy society, dominated by the soft health path and involves individual and community in the solution, holistic in nature, future oriented (pre and proactive)

62
Q

Provide examples of health policy and healthy public policy

A

Healthy policy - universal health care, focus on specific health priorities, health screening programs or research

healthy public policy - workplace safety, housing services, foreign trade, immigration policies, gun policies

63
Q

Provide broad examples of downstream interventions and its level of impact

A

Individual health education and health counselling or coaching

Potential impact on individual, but may not change living conditions or increase equity

64
Q

Provide broad examples of midstream interventions and its level of impact

A

Capacity building and community development

Improved health and living conditions but may not increase equity

65
Q

Provide broad examples of upstream interventions and its level of impact

A

change to the environment, policy change, and healthy public policy

Socially just society with improved health, living conditions, and equity

66
Q

Define a reactive policy

A

policy responding to issues and factors that emerge, sometimes with little warning from the internal or external environments

67
Q

Define a preactive policy

A

Policy that respond to triggers that are recognized because we are scanning the environment and identifying potential issues

68
Q

Define a proactive policy

A

truly proactive policies are rare

policy often needs urgency to move forward

69
Q

Define trade offs & opportunity costs

A

There is a trade off with any economic choice and companies will often take opportunistic measures for costs

70
Q

Define sunk and fixed costs

A

Sunk costs is money that is lost regardless of what happens and fixed costs are upfront costs that can be eventually recoverable

71
Q

What are the four basic steps in the policy cycle?

A

getting on the policy agenda, moving into action, implementation and change, and policy evaluation and revision

72
Q

Define the intervention ladder

A

A guide to consider the acceptability and justification of different policy initiatives to improve public health; the higher up the ladder where policy intervenes, the stronger the justification must be

The higher the policy lands on the ladder, the more resistance it will be met with

73
Q

Describe what choices are available at each step of the first 4 out of 8 rung ladder

A
  1. Do nothing or simply monitor situation
  2. Provide information and inform (i.e., campaigns)
  3. Enable choice (i.e., offering programs, building bike lanes)
  4. Guide choices through changing the default policy (i.e., not offering fries as standard side option at restaurants)
74
Q

Describe what choices are available at each step of the last 4 out of 8 rung ladder

A
  1. Guide choices through incentives (i.e., tax breaks for bike purchases)
  2. Guide choice through disincentives (i.e., taxes on cigarettes)
  3. Restrict choice (i.e., removing sodium from food)
  4. Eliminate choice (i.e., compulsory isolation of patients w/ diseases)
75
Q

Define a position statement

A

Viewpoint of a particular issue and provides documented background data on the issue

Often justifies a particular policy stance

76
Q

Define a position paper

A

Presents one or several positions on an issue or policy problem

Presents one side of an argument with the goal to convince the audience that your opinion is valid and defensible

Community Health (3 decks)

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