Test 2 Flashcards
Phrenology
bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and character traits
Biopsychology
The mind thinking about the brain (biology, behavior, mental process)
Neuroscience
Focuses on mind and behavior
-biological approach
Nervous system
sends messages to the brain for body movement
Neurons
Send messages to and from the brain
-RECEIVE, PROCESS & TRANSMIT INFO
2 primary functions of the nervous system
-Central nervous system
-Peripheral nervous system
Sensory/Afferent neuron
Takes info from the organ to the brain
Interneurons
interpret messages
Motor/Efferent neuron
reaction messages away from the brain to the muscles, organs, and glands
Action Potential
when the neurons fire/go
recharging period
when the neuron charges
-neuron can’t fire until fully charged
resting potential
neuron has the potential to fire/go
absolute threshold
tipping/breaking point before it fires
all or nothing
either fires or does not
depolarization
aftermath effect of action potential
synapse
acts as an electrical insulator, preventing an electrical charge from racing to the next skill
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger
-used in natural communicaion
netural communication
the chimcals that our bodies produce work as agonist and antagonists
agonists
speed up
antagonists
slow down/block
endocrine system
bodys chemical messengar that relies on hormones
pututiary gland
controls all of the responses of the endocrine system and overall growth
-most important gland
thyroid
regulate energy level in the body
adrenal
help arose the body in time of stress (adrenaline)
pancreatic
regulate blood sugar in blood (diabetes)
sex
overies and testes are the glands that influence emotion and physical development
brain stem
made up of 4 regions
-oldest part of the brain
medulla
egulated body/life-support functions including breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate
pon
sleep
-what happens when you are sleeping
-why you don’t pee the bed
-why you can still breath
reticulsr
keep brain alert
-reactions
-damage leads to coma
thalamus
central processing chip incoming and outgoing sensorys
cerebellum
coordinaes with motor skills and movemnt we preform without thinking
-reading, talking, breathing, walking
limbic system
give humans capability for emotion and memory
-middle layer of brsin that wraps around the thalmus
hippocampus
memories
-process new memory for permanemt storage
amygdala
fear and anger
hypothalamus
body thermostate
-regulate body temp, fluid levels, and nutrients
-body temp, when you get hungry, when you get thirsty
cerebal cortex
high order thinking and process
-covers the brains lower level structure
frontal lobe
-involves motor cortex
-making plans and judgement
-just behind forehead
parietal lobe
processing senses
-top of brain
temporal lobe
involving in auditory (listening)
occipital lobe
visual functions
-back of the brain
corpus callosum
connects the brain
-sometimes cut to prevent seizures
Broca’s area
expressive language, muscle movement, important to speech
-located in the left frontal lobe
Wernicke area
understanding of tone, sound of voice when sad, mad, happy
-located in the temporal lobe
motor cortex
movements
-ride side controls left
-left side controls right
back of the frontal lobe
somatosesnory
touch
left hemisphere
regulate positive emotions, control of muscles, used in psych, movement, speaking, and writing memory for words, speech writing, and language
right hemisphere
regulate negative emotion, respond to simple commands memory for music and shapes, spatial relationships, visual
longitudinal fissure
divide central cortex into right and left hemisphere
split brain process
helps people who have a lot of seizure
-cutting the brain in two by cutting the corpus callosum
sensation
stimulated receptor (eyes, ears ) create pattern of natural messages that represent the stimulus in the brain
-taking stuff in
perception
based on personal experiences
-how you perceive something
top down percepion
emphizez that percives expectation, concept memories, and other cognitive factors
transduction
the sensory process that converts energy such as light or sound waves into natural messages
sensory adaptation (adjustments)
vody getting use to ie like getting in a cold pool and getting used to the temp
absolute threshold
maximum level of stimulus necessary for a stimulus to be detected
just noticable difference (JND)
minimal amount of charge in the signal that is still recognizable
cornea
protective outer later of eye
iris
muscle controlling the pupil
lens
sharpen/focuse vision
retina
transduction happens in the light senstative layer of cell at back of eye
photoreceptor
light senor neruon
rods
sensitive to dim light, not color
cones
sensitive to color, not dim lights
fovea
sharpest visual point
-most detailed
optic nerve
carry visual info to brain/memory cortex
blind spot
point where theres no photoeceptor
cochea
snail shaped tube
paralell processing
picking up color, motion, form and depth to recognize something like a bird
middle ear
transmits the eardrum vibration
auditory nerve
movement of cells trigger the adjacen bever fibers and connects thalamus to temporal lobe
sound localization
determine where sound id coming from
-which ear hears it first
-which ear hears a louder sound
conduction deafness
inablility to hear, resulting for damage to the structure of the middle or inner ear
nerve deafness
inablility to hear, linked to a deficint in the body ability to ransmit impulse from the cochela to the brain
-sensorinerual deafness
vestibular sense
sense of body orientation with respect to gravity
-balance
kinesthetic sense
body sense
-knowing if your sore or hurt
-feedback your body gives you
umami
saveroy flavor
taste recepors
damaged from alchol and smoke
skin senses
pain, warmth, cold, pressure
gate-control theroy
explanaion for pain contro; saying we have neral gate that can block incoming pain
extrasensory
ability to gain information by some means other then ordinary senses
clairvoyance
perceiving objects or info without sensory
telepathy
involve the reading of someone else thoughts
precognitive
ability to foretell future events
psychokinesis
involving moving objects
feature detectors
specialized cells in the brain that identify specific features (line, curve)
bottom-up
analyze characteristics
-color, line, edge
top-down
expectation, memory
-reading
perceptual consistency
color, size, shape
