test #2 Flashcards
1
Q
question: subsistence system vs diet?
A
- subsistence sys. = practices pop. uses to acquire food
- diet = food eaten
2
Q
explain: stable isotope analysis (carbon and nitrogen)
A
- done on human remains
- carbon shows plant diet
⤷ c3: rice, wheat, barley
⤷ c4: corn, millet, sugar cane (more agricultural) - nitrogen shows meat vs plant consumption
⤷ meat + omnivores: higher n15:n14 ratio than vege.
⤷ marine carnivores: higher n15:n14 ration than terrestrial
⤷ more trophic lvls -> N increases
3
Q
name + define: categories of subsistence systems
A
- hunter-gatherer/hunter-fisher-gatherer
- dep. mainly on var. of non-domesticated food
- 2 types: foragers and collectors - food producers
- dep. on 1+ domesticated food
- 3 types: horticulturalists, agriculturalists, pastoralists
4
Q
name + define: types of hunter-gatherers
A
- foragers
- move ppl as needed
- change base camp regularly
- short day trips
- eats food in a few days
- good for harsh climates and small groups - collectors
- move food to the ppl
- long-term settlements
- longer trips
- store surpluses
- good for larger groups
⤷ if food source = large bc predictable
5
Q
name + define: types of food producers
A
- horticulturalists: “garden”, many sp. in plots
- agriculturalists: cultivate small # of sp. in fields (large quantities)
- pastoralists: herding animals (milk, meat, etc.)
6
Q
explain (case study): mariculture
A
- northwest coast
- clam gardens
- modified coast line to for large tidal pools to raise bivalves
- formally agri. society
7
Q
define: domestication (w/ selection)
A
- plants + animals become dep. on human intervention to survive
- noticeable changes in morpho.
⤷ to improve food yield - selection: change in freq. of traits in pop. as a result of changes to fitness
8
Q
explain (case study): wild vs domestic rachis
A
- stems of plants
- altered seed dispersal
⤷ to keep seeds for longer
9
Q
question: macroremains vs microremains?
A
- macro: preserved plant components viewable w/ naked eye
- micro: smaller parts of plats viewable w/ microscope
10
Q
name: feat. of sp. likely to get domesticated
A
- short generation time
⤷ prod. lots of babies - genetically plastic
⤷ easier to sel. for - tolerate human envrt. (ex. gates)
- socially amenable to humans (for animals)
11
Q
explain: domestication and mutualism (how is it coevolution?)
A
- beneficial to both species
- humans get food, sp. gets to thrive and outcompete others
- may be formed through experimentation
⤷ lucky results
12
Q
name + explain: upper paleolithic society
A
- foragers (hunter-gatherer)
- expanded to australia and the americas
- nomadic
⤷ groups limited to 75 ppl - no long term permanent vilalges
- mostly egalitarian
⤷ no status ranks
13
Q
name + explain: mesolithic society
A
- extinction of large-game sp.
⤷ changed flora and fauna - shifted to broad spectrum collecting
⤷ less foraging - less nomad
14
Q
question: where did agriculture and domestication originate?
A
- everywhere
- no one single origin
15
Q
name: sites of domestication
A
- fertile crescent
- middle east area
- domesticated wheat and barley - mesoamerica
- domesticated maize, beans, and squash - highland/coastal andes
- domesticated llamas, alpacas, guinea pig, potato, and quinoa - china (yangtze river)
- domesticated rice and millet
16
Q
explain (case study): wild vs domestic corn
A
- wild = teosinte
⤷ sel. for larger seeds led to maize - domesticated = maize
17
Q
explain: neolithic package
A
- characteristics though to accompany the shift to agriculture
- domesticates
⤷ varies based on availability - pottery
⤷ storage and cooking
⤷ more beneficial for sedentary - ground stone tools
18
Q
explain (case study): natufians
A
- neolithic
- used storage bins
⤷ shows surplus - had grinding equipment
⤷ shows ground stone tools - had elaborate burial packages
- more sedentary long term struc.
- early natufians had large villages
⤷ warmer temp. = more agriculture - late natufians had lower temps.
⤷ small villages
⤷ pop. decreased, showing signs of stress
19
Q
explain (case study): catalhoyuk, gobekli tepe, jericho
A
- neolithic led to more complexity
- catalhoyuk: very large, dense, planned settlements (in turkey)
- gobekli tepe: more complex ceremonial life
⤷ ritual only space
⤷ built up and elaborated ovre time
⤷ shows extensive organization - jericho: elaborate mortuary practices
⤷ plaster heads
⤷ may represent emergence of inequality
20
Q
explain: oasis hypo. (why was agri. adopted)
A
- agriculture = response to climate shifts
- gordon childe
- climate change in fertile crescent
- refuted by robert braidwood-jarmo
⤷ says envrt. wasn’t as swift as agri.
21
Q
explain: population hypo. (why was agri. adopted)
A
- shift in strat. to support large pop.
- mark cohen: hunter-gatherer pop. saturation around 10000 ppl
- marvin harris: increase humans -> decreased big game animals
22
Q
explain: stability and feasting (why was agri. adopted)
A
- shift from K to R sp. to encourage more stable food supply
⤷ ∴ can feast - bryan hayden
- K: live long, few young, susceptible to over-exploitation
- R: reproduce easily, resist overexploitation, easily reestablish themselves
- R supports more sedentism which stabilizes food supply
23
Q
explain: how nutritional factor declines with agriculture
A
- dependence on 1 main crop and potential crop failure -> feast or famine
- changes texture and quality of food
- uneven food distribution
⤷ soc. class and status
24
Q
explain: health effects of agriculture
A
- zoonoses: infectious diseases from animals
- sedentism: garbage and human waste accumulation (can cause disease)
- herd diseases: favours high population density
25
Q
name: skeletal indicators of poor health
A
- increased evidence for nutritional deficiencies
- cavities
⤷ bc increased sugars in agri. food - decreased stature
26
Q
explain: cribra orbitalia
A
- iron deficiency anemia
- rarer in hunter-gatherer
- more common in agricultural soc.
- small holes (pitting) in bones (eye socket, skull)
27
Q
question: how can food be cultural/social
A
- comfort foods
- food preferences
- food aversions
- expression through food (many diff. meanings based on person)
- social contexts
28
Q
explain (case study): milk in US
A
- dairy = important in health and nutrition
- consume milk based on lactase persistence
- degrees of lactase persistence across multiple pop.
⤷ bc diff diets + envrt. factors - shows implications for health
- soc. associations
29
Q
explain (case study): ju/’hoansi
A
- hunter-gatherers
- nomadic
- diverse diet
- egalitarian
⤷ hoarding food is discouraged - richard less studied their practices
- story of the ox
⤷ showed transition from hunter-gatherer to domestication
⤷ has soc. meaning in rituals and offerings - tried to bring an ox
⤷ showed superiority (not good)
⤷ learned humility
30
Q
explain (key person): natalie cooke + cookbooks
A
- showed increase in literacy and printing tech
- evolved to become more multicultural
⤷ originally very little variation - increasing need for easier food prep
⤷ showed changes in gender ideals (women moved into workforce) - rise of “gourmet” food
⤷ capitalistic
⤷ shows education and clout - reflects changing perceptions in nutrition
31
Q
explain (key person): william rathje
A
- garbology project in arizona
- ppl may omit info about diet to change perception
⤷ but garbage doesn’t lie - shows distinction between ideals versus reality
32
Q
explain: male vs female foods
A
- cultural classification
- uses food to reinforce binary
- helps understand health concerns
- implications for food marketing
33
Q
question: difference between food preferences, restrictions, taboos?
A
- preferences: likes/dislikes
- restrictions: periodic denial and foods
⤷ ex. pregnancy - taboo: deliberate avoidance
- still edible but maybe not acceptable
34
Q
name: explanations for food taboos
A
- marker of a group
⤷ identity
⤷ separating from group of others - protection against disease
⤷ ex. meats - ecological theory (marvin harris)
⤷ envrt. conditions
35
Q
explain (key person): marvin harris
A
- india and cows
- cultural beliefs may have had practical origins
⤷ became perpetuated notions
⤷ gets ingrained in soc.
36
Q
explain: pork prohibitions
A
- symbolic perspective
⤷ for ancient hebrews, pigs = unclean - adaptive/materialistic perspective
⤷ envrt. of middle east made raising pigs hard
37
Q
explain: bush meat
A
- wild animals hunted for consumption
- often in tropical rainforests
- often prohibited bc converns or zoonoses
38
Q
question: what does a forensic anthropologist do? + (key person) tracy rogers
A
- study human remains using archeological and bio. techniques
- studying remains relevant to criminal cases
- locate and collect remains
- build biological profile of indiv.
- time of death and cause of death
- tracy rogers = forensic anthropologist
39
Q
name + define: processes of decomposition
A
- autolysis: degeneration of body tissues by digestive fliuds
⤷ nat. - putrefaction: bac. reproduce and consume tissues
40
Q
name: factors affecting decomp. in order of importance
A
- temperature
⤷ colder = slower - humidity
⤷ dry = slow - access by insects
- burial + depth of burial
41
Q
explain (case study + key person): william bass and body farms `
A
- controlled exp. to model envrt. conditions
- started by william bass
- used to observe decomp. rates in diff. envrt.
42
Q
name: factors affecting preservation
A
- soil type
⤷ speed to slow down decomp. - aridity
- body treatment
⤷ ex. embalment to preserve
43
Q
define: taphonomic processes + factors
A
how human remains can be altered after death
- disarticulation
⤷ ex. dismembering
- dispersal (where remains are spread)
- mechanical alteration
⤷ ex. break patterns (in bones)
44
Q
name: 10 questions forensic anthropologists ask
A
medicolegal significance (criminal parts)
1. is it bone
- is it human
⤷ animal remains not in forensic anthro.
⤷ compare size, shape, and morphology - is it modern
⤷ old = archeological
⤷ us contectual and taphonomic clues
biological profile
4. what bones
⤷ skeletal and teeth inventory forms
- how many individuals are present
⤷ establish minimum number of indiv. (ex. femur left vs right) - what is the sex
⤷ marginalizes intersex and trans. ppl
⤷ compare pelvis
⤷ sexual dimorphism (skulls) - how old were they
⤷ use growth charts
⤷ epiphyseal fusion: joints fuse at diff. times - what is their stature
⤷ height formulas - are there unique charac.
⤷ healed or broken bones
⤷ body mods, perimortem trauma
circumstances around death
10. cause of death
⤷ race and ancestry not considered bc not always accurate
45
Q
define: paleopathology
A
- study of disease and injury in human skeleton
- reconstructive
⤷ uses clues to understand - ex. rickets
⤷ vitamin D deficiency
⤷ bowing bones
46
Q
define: medical anthropology
A
- subfield of cult. anthro.
- study health, disease, illness, sickness
- adopt biocultural approach
- ethnomedicine: cross cult. study of health systems
- social determinants of disease
47
Q
explain (key person): arthur kleinman
A
- argues medical doctors ignore/misunderstand the role of culture in shaping illness
- believes depression in Western cult. is a symptom of an illness
- western depression patients express: emotional, sad
- chinese depression patients express: physical symptoms
- knowing cult. diff. impacts ability to make diagnoses
- diff. may stem from cult. stigmas
48
Q
explain (key person): nancy scheper-hughes and margaret lock
A
- 3 bodies
- indivi. body: experience embodied self
- soc. body: figurative, real connection between cult. and health
- body politic: how political and soc. forces exert control over bodies
- important to help anthropologists see health/illness beyond material body
49
Q
explain: ex. of diff. cultural beliefs in the social body
A
- western biomedicine
⤷ body = mechanical and separate from mind
⤷ treat with intervention - traditional chinese medicine
⤷ body made of opposing forces in dynamic equilibrium
⤷ illness = dishoarmy
⤷ treat with restoration of balance - other non-western transitions
⤷ body is inseparable from spirit worlds
⤷ tret with resolving conflict
50
Q
define: health
A
- in biomedicine: absence of disease
- WHO definition: state of complete social, psychological, and physical well-being
- but it actually dep. on cult. context
⤷ no universal def.
51
Q
define: disease
A
- injury or error that impairs func. of biological systems
- universal
- physical, infection, malnutrition, genetic, psychological
52
Q
define: illness
A
- subject experience of the symptoms and suffering
- can differ over time, space, and cultures
- motivates changes in behaviour to alleviate discomfort
53
Q
define: sickness
A
- performative social role
- the socially recognized expectations for “sick”
⤷ ex. doctors note - may be stigmatized or dismissed
- healers/authorities may be called on to legitimize sickness
- diff. practices, vary cross cult.
⤷ ex. mental health days
54
Q
explain: humoral healing system
A
- humours = blood, bile, mucous
- illness caused by imbalance in humours
- not western biomedical
⤷ bc not body = machine - formed the basis for diagnosing temperaments
- sick ppl exhibited excessive heat and moisture
⤷ blood-letting restored balance
55
Q
explain: hot and cold theory of disease
A
- important for latin-american folk medicine
- emphasis on body in balance
- treatments: foods/medicines designated to be in the opposition to the individual’s illness
56
Q
define + explain: biomedicine
A
- western model of health
- body = machine
⤷ mechanical and chemical processes - disease caused by damage to tissue by malfunction of physiological function
- biomedical healer = trained through formal programs
⤷ med school - strives for objective understandings of disease through science
- treatment = intervention in body
- emphasizes indiv. body
57
Q
explain: critiques of biomedicine
A
- can’t recognize illness without clear biological cause
⤷ ex. placebos
⤷ no mechanical cause = less weight in western biomed. - explicitly normative
⤷ struggles to use holistic perspectives - not equipped to treat context
⤷ envrt.
⤷ poverty
⤷ econ. insecurity
⤷ racism (not considered medical in western biomed.)
58
Q
explain (key person): lia lee
A
- hmong child w/ epilepsy
- parents thought she had a spirit
- developed septic shock and went brain dead
- placed in foster care
⤷ bc parents POV disagreed w/ med. models - got the care she needed and lasted on life support longer than western thought she would
59
Q
define + explain: culture specific syndromes
A
- culture-bound/folk illnesses
- challenges idea that disease = universal
⤷ culturally situated - restricted to a specific society
⤷ related to cultural factors - present in some cult. and less/not diagnosed in other cult. contexts
60
Q
explain (case study): anorexia nervosa
A
- western culture bound syndrome
- related to focus on dieting and thing bodies = healty
- reinforced by media
- tied to individualism
61
Q
explain (case study): koro
A
- culture bound syndrome
⤷ chinese and south-east asian cultures - believe that external genitalia are shrinking and eventually disappear
62
Q
name: examples of healers
A
- biomedical: doctors, nurses, midewifes
- complementary/alt med.: chiropractors, naturopaths
⤷ ppl might have less faith in them - traditional healers: dep. on culture
63
Q
explain (case study): navajo healing
A
- indigenous form of healing
⤷ evol. to accommodate western influences (biomed and not biomed) - ex. of medical pluralism
⤷ combining healing systems
⤷ christian and tradition dine systems combined
64
Q
explain (case study): ayurvedic depression
A
- ayurvadic model of body centers on balance of 5 elements
- practitioners in india incorporate biomed concepts into practice
- ex. depression in biomed is classified differently in ayurvedic
- shows evol. of healing sys.
65
Q
define: epidemiology + epidemic + pandemic
A
- epidemiology: study of disease in human pop.
- epidemic: cases of illness in community (not disease so it can be soc.)
- pandemic: epidemic happening worldwide
66
Q
define: social determinants of health and disease
A
- soc. conditions that shape exposure to illness
- soc. econ. factors
- envrt.
- cult. factors
67
Q
explain (case study): ebola
A
- transmission from direct contact w. bodily fluids
- high mortality
- had nat., built. soc., envrt. impacts on diease outbreak
- ex. poverty -> poor housing and unhygenic envrt. -> enhances transmission
68
Q
explain (case study): virgin soil epidemics
A
- ini. outbreak of disease previously unknown to an area
- impact of colonialism
- factors:
⤷ no prior immunity
⤷ high transmissibility
⤷ repeated contacts - critiques:
⤷ theory was popularized by jared diamond’s book
⤷ some diseases still existed before colonialism (but colonizers help ↑)
⤷ doesn’t consider social determinants of health
⤷ presents indigenous ppl as agency-less and disease and bio (but they did have agency + resilience)
69
Q
name + define: types of medical death
A
- circulatory: cessation of circulation and breathing
⤷ no blood flow
⤷ tissue die - harvard criteria (case study)
⤷ no reflexes
⤷ flat eeg (no electrical signal in brain)
⤷ no circulation in brain
⤷ unresponsive + no mvt. - brain: cessation of brain activity and func.
⤷ need machine to circulate blood
70
Q
explain: plague
A
- led to death being steriolized
- mass graves
- no more death rights
⤷ no headstones or burials - dirty streets + lack of basic hygiene
71
Q
explain: organ transplants
A
- perceptions of death influence attitude towards organ transplant
- xenotransplantation: animal organs into humans
⤷ ethics - rights of the dead
⤷ corpses get proxy consent
⤷ corpses feel no pain but still brings up ethics
72
Q
explain (case study): japan organ donations
A
- lower rates of org. donation in japan
- bc associate life w/ heart and circulatory
⤷ brain dead isn’t dead - so brain dead patients aren’t candidates for organ donation
73
Q
explain (case study): necropolitics
A
- power dynamics dictate who can live, die, or be commemorated
- based on soc. struc.
74
Q
explain: social death
A
- long mourning periods
- ppl still find grief uncomfortable
- ppl still honour dead by saying their name
⤷ keeps them “alive” (legacy) - expected to eventually move on
⤷ can’t grieve for too long
75
Q
question: kill vs sacrifice vs put down?
A
- kill = cause the death of a living thing
- sacrifice = slaughtering a living thing or surrendering a possession as an offering to a deity
- put down = kill an animal to prevent it from suffering
⤷ not usually used for humans
76
Q
explain: burial rituals
A
- death often = unclean
- rituals transition deceased to afterlife
- reintegrate survivors back into community
- symbolic practice
77
Q
explain: embalming
A
- preserving the body
- death = sterilized so ppl see less corpses
⤷ feel the need to embalm to make them pretty
78
Q
explain: return to the earth
A
- ways of burial
- embalm = chemicals (released into envrt.), green burial = human compost
- sky burials in tibet = vultures
- cremation = less harmful to envrt.
79
Q
explain: secondary burials
A
- primary = initial burial
- secondary = moving the remains
- bundle: all bones gatehred after decomp. + moved
⤷ ossuary: bundle for multiple ppl
80
Q
explain (case study): huron-wendat feast of the dead
A
- ritual (several days)
- reburial in a collective ossuary burial
- allows reinforcement of soc. ties + souls to be released and travel west
81
Q
explain (case study): wind phones
A
- ways to talk to deceased loved ones
- words = carried by the wind
- ex. in japan after earthquake
82
Q
explain (case study): tana torajan
A
- death isn’t a singular event
- deceased = sick/asleep
⤷ keep living in house + cared/interacted with - funeral service after a few months marks transition to afterlife
83
Q
explain: grave goods
A
- items left in a burial
- intended for use in afterlife or as offerings
- can reflect soc. status
- can show identity of person
⤷ or how living wants indiv. to be percieved
84
Q
explain (case study): shanidar cave
A
- iraq
- nean. burials
- 4 nean. males
- pollen found under remains
⤷ suggests flowers were accidentally placed there by animals (not necessarily grave goods)
85
Q
explain (case study): hart island
A
- on periphery of NY
- identities of ppl aren’t known
⤷ ppl were in the periphery too
86
Q
define: paleopathology
A
- study of disease and trauma in the past
- informs about life and historic pathways
- bio, chem, epidemiology, history`
87
Q
name + define: 3 parts of osteological paradox
A
- demographic nonstationary: pop. change and affect death distributions
⤷ can’t be observed bc part of the living - hidden heterogeneity: not everyone is at same risk of getting disease
⤷ age, sex
⤷ severity of sickness changes - selective mortality: everyone is dead so we don’t have the whole story
⤷ disease takes long time to leave effect on body (bones)
⤷ lesions = ppl lived long enough w/ disease
88
Q
name: types of lesions
A
- osteoblastic/proliferative lesions = new bone
- osteolytic/lytic lesions = destroy/resorb existing bone
- look at evi. of healing, location, number, context, etc.
- lesions being specific to a condition are rare
89
Q
explain: paleopathology and tuberculosis
A
- rib lesions and lytic spinal lesions
- possible potts deformity
90
Q
explain: paleopathology and leprosy (hansen’s disease)
A
- affects extremities and middle of the face
- destroy palate and nasal cartilage
- loss of fingers and toes
- penciling of fingers and toes
⤷ bones get skinny and pointy - many laws against ppl w/ leprosy (heavy stigma)
91
Q
explain: paleopathology and scurvy
A
- vitamin C deficiency
⤷ shows lack of fresh food + resources - lesions more likely to affect kids
- patterns of lesions can be very non-specific
92
Q
explain: indigenous knowledge
A
- oral passing down
- western models = scientific reconstruction
⤷ invasive - prefer in situ burials (original place)
⤷ no digging them back up - respects values of ancestors, practices, ceremony, and moral integrity
93
Q
explain: CRM archeology
A
- cultural resource management
- decides which sites are cultural valuable
⤷ and chooses which places can receive the collections - issue bc need the collections to go back to indigenous communities
⤷ colonization made many ppl not know who they are
94
Q
explain (key person): sarah baartman
A
- khoi khoi woman died in 1800s
- body wasn’t repatriated until 2002
- ex. of dead as an object
- khoi khoi were objectified by colonizers
- brought to be paraded around like a circus side show
95
Q
explain (case studies): nagpra + kennewick man
A
- north american graves and repatriation act
- challenges western notions of ownership and dead as objects of study
- still critiqued over lineage requirements
- ex. kennewick man
⤷ unknown descendants
⤷ nearest geographic group may have have changed so much by now
⤷ might have no ties at all
⤷ makes it hard to know where to return the remains
96
Q
explain (case study): geophagy
A
- intentional consumption fo earth
97
Q
explain (key person): margaret mead
A
- pioneer of participant-observation work
- lived in Samoa
⤷ did interviews for insight into sexuality + coming of age - Samoan adolescent girls = promiscuous
⤷ characterized Samoan soc. = more seucal freedom (coming from America, where sexuality = frowned upon) - participant-observation (interlocutors)
- cross-cultural research
⤷ showed varied gender expectations around the world - people not born knowing gender
98
Q
explain (case study): travestis
A
- ppl assigned male + self-identify as “feminine” (viado)
- use fem. pronouns + prefer hetero. partners
- body mods.
- do not consider themselves male or fem.
⤷ still assume fem. role in relationship - sexual identity = role specific
⤷ penetrating vs being penetrated - book by don kulick
99
Q
explain (key people): anthro sub fields
A
- phillip bourgois: cultural anthro.
⤷ crack + puerto ricans in east harlem - christine schreyer: linguistic anthro.
⤷ conlangs - rudy reimer: archeological anthro.
⤷ obsidian + yumks - sharon dewitte: biological anthro.
⤷ recreating plague envrt.
100
Q
question: haplorrhine vs strepsirrhine
A
- hap.:
⤷ dry nose, cont. upper lip, orbital cup
⤷ split into cat. and platy. - strep.:
⤷ wet nose, cleft lip orbital bar, tooth comb
101
Q
question: platy. vs cat.
A
- platy.:
⤷ new world
⤷ flat noses
⤷ prehensile tail
⤷ 2. 1. 3. 3
⤷ arboreal - cat.:
⤷ old world
⤷ downwards nostrils
⤷ 2. 1. 2. 3
⤷ terrestrial and/or arboreal
