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anthrop 1aa3 > test #1 > Flashcards

test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

define: anthropology

A
  • study of human nature, soc., lang., past
  • study relatives of humans to help understand evol.
  • comparative approach (sim. and diff.)
  • multidisiplinary
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2
Q

name: subfields of anthro.

A
  1. cultural
    - contemporary cult. + soc.
  2. linguistic
    - lang. construction + use
  3. biological
    - human evol., adaptation, behaviour via lens of bio
  4. archeology
    - human material cult. (phys. remains of human activity)

**“5th field” - applied anthro. (for real world problems)

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3
Q

name: unifying concepts of anthro.

A
  1. fieldwork
  2. culture
    - learned + shared behaviours/beliefs that shape human exp.
  3. holism
    - tries to integrate all that is known about humans + activities (into a whole)
  4. evol.
    - bio evol.: change in charac. of sp. over many gen
    - cult. evol.: learned adjustments in behaviour
  5. biocultural approaches
    - humans defined by bio + cult. factors
  6. comparison
    - want to explain sim. + diff. (w/ interactions, con-/di- vergence)
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4
Q

explain (key person): phillipe bourgois

A
  • cultural anthro.
  • wrote: In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio
  • ethnography: scientific descrip. of the customs of ppls and cult.
  • wanted to understand how poverty + racism impact involvement with the drug trade
    ⤷ Puerto Rican gang members in East Harlem
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5
Q

explain (key person): christine schreyer

A
  • linguistic anthro.
  • studies conlangs (klingon, elvish)
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6
Q

explain (key person): sharon dewitte

A
  • bio anthro.
  • paleoepidemiology
  • studies bio + soc. factors to reconstruct life during the black death in medieval europe
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7
Q

explain (key person): rudy
reimer

A
  • archeological anthro.
  • yumks + obsidian trade
  • studies mvt. of obsidian and other mountain res.
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8
Q

define: cultural relativism

A
  • reseach stance
  • puts behaviour, attitudes, + customs in context on soc.’s wider cult. frame
  • cult. must be understood based on it’s own context + history
  • can’t apply own exp. onto other cult.
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9
Q

define: ethnocentrism

A
  • opp. of cultural relativism
  • incorrect idea that own cult. > other cult.
  • anthropologists need to overcome culture shock (diff. + automatic judgements)
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10
Q

define: sex

A
  • bodily classification of int. and ext. reproductive anat.
  • usually seen as dichotomous
  • assigned at birth based on ext. genitalia
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11
Q

define: gender

A
  • folk taxonomy defined by soc. roles + performed behaviours
  • associated w/ bodies based on soc. meaning + use
  • culturally constructed
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12
Q

define: folk taxonomy

A
  • classification based on cult. criteria that reflect soc. meaning + use
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13
Q

define: intersex

A
  • conditions normally associated w/ presence of both male + fem. rep. organs
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14
Q

explain (case study): turner’s syndrome

A
  • X 0
  • only 1 x chromo.
  • 1.2500 fem.
  • prevents ovaries from dev. properly
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15
Q

explain (case study): kleinfelter’s syndrom

A
  • XXY
  • extra x chromo.
  • 1/500 - 1000 men
  • many don’t show symptoms
  • reductions in testosterone + prod. little to no sperm
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16
Q

explain (case study): androgen insensitivity syndrome

A
  • XY
  • sometimes w/ male + fem. structures
  • prod. androgen but lacks masculinizing resp.
  • complete form = female anat.
    ⤷ indistinguishable from XX
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17
Q

explain (key person): anne fausto-sterling

A
  • believed Western cult. committed to the idea of 2 sexes
  • binary enforced by written law, medicines, etc.
  • thinks sex is malleable
  • argues that “corrective” medicine reinforces soc. stigma
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18
Q

explain (key person): michel foucault

A
  • proposed biopower
  • biopower: monitoring + management of pop. by government
  • diff. bodies are regulated to conform to binary (related to fausto-sterling)
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19
Q

explain (key person): caster semenya

A
  • runner/athlete
  • intersex
  • assigned fem. at birth but has ↑ testosterone
  • may be unfair when participating in women’s events
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20
Q

explain (key person): margaret mead

A
  • pioneer of participant-observation work
  • lived in Samoa
    ⤷ did interviews for insight into sexuality + coming of age
  • Samoan adolescent girls = promiscuous
    ⤷ characterized Samoan soc. = more seucal freedom (coming from America, where sexuality = frowned upon)
  • participant-observation (interlocutors)
  • cross-cultural research
    ⤷ showed varied gender expectations around the world
  • people not born knowing gender
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21
Q

explain (case study): aka

A
  • rainforest ppl
  • see sex as purely reproduction work
    ⤷ work, but pleasurable work
  • unfamiliar w. masturbation and same-sex activity
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22
Q

explain (case study): making men (sambians)

A
  • boys engage in sexual practices w/ adult men
    ⤷ as manhood initiation
  • erasing feminizing influence
  • more freq. in soc. w/ same sex segregation
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23
Q

explain (case study): travestis

A
  • ppl assigned male + self-identify as “feminine” (viado)
  • use fem. pronouns + prefer hetero. partners
  • body mods.
  • do not consider themselves male or fem.
    ⤷ still assume fem. role in relationship
  • sexual identity = role specific
    ⤷ penetrating vs being penetrated
  • book by don kulick
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24
Q

explain (key person): judith butler

A
  • argues gender = performance/act
    ⤷ un- and conscious
  • implies showing gender through markers
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25
Q

define: gender markers

A
  • outward indication of one’s gender
  • ex. clothes, colours, hairstyles, body lang. etc.
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26
Q

define: stereotype

A
  • generalized belief/expectation of a category of ppl
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27
Q

define: hegemonic

A
  • dom./mainstream forms of practice in a culture
  • usually based on stereotypes
    ⤷ but diff. betwee cultures
  • hege. masc. explains how men’s power is reinforced (patriarchy)
    ⤷ toxic masculinity
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28
Q

explain (key person): r.w. connell + hegemonic masc.

A
  • studied soc. construction of masculinity
  • described hege. notion of masc. as:
    ⤷ active/phys., hetero., providers, stoic
  • toxic masc.:
    ⤷ -ive soc. relations, detrimental to equality in pop.
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29
Q

explain: hegemonic femininity

A
  • ballerina
  • expectations of what may be fem.
  • slight, graceful, emotive, quiet
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30
Q

explain (key person): susan bordo

A
  • argues women internalize cult. expectations of hege. fem.
  • studied how agoraphobia + anorexia can be explained
    ⤷ attempts to discipline body to achieve hege. fem.
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31
Q

explain (case study): wodaabe and gareewol

A
  • beauty contest
  • not same gender markers (shows variation between cultures)
  • judged by women
    ⤷ also event for men + women to meet
  • men place on show in makeup and dresses
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32
Q

explain (case study): menstrual huts

A
  • ex. of gender inequality
  • cult. has menstrual taboo
  • perpetuates inequality through fem. bodies
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33
Q

explain: gender equality + inequality

A
  • inequality more common
  • sometimes practices perpetuate inequality
  • ex. hunter - gatherer = equality
    ⤷ band soc.
    ⤷ lack hierarchy
  • origins: chimps show male dom. hierarchy
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34
Q

explain (case study): venus figures

A
  • inequality in upper paleolithic
    -very old
    ⤷ inequality isn’t just modern
  • anatomical art
  • sometimes very curvy
    ⤷ symbol of being well-off
    ⤷ may have been sexualized
  • no male eq. to venus fig.
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35
Q

define: androcentricism

A
  • male bias in research
  • usually unconscious
  • gynocentricism for women
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36
Q

define: third genders

A
  • cult. recognized intermediary gender categories
  • vary cross-culturally
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37
Q

explain + define (case study): burrneshat

A
  • northern albania
  • sworn virgins
    ⤷ oath of celibacy in exchange for male privileges
  • assigned female but assume soc. identity of males
  • traditionally prescribed by law if all clan’s men were killed
    ⤷ also self-identify
  • strong gender division for labour + status
38
Q

explain + define (case study): hijras

A
  • india, pakistan, bangladesh, nepal
  • assigned male or intersex at birth
  • institutionalized as a class (roles w/ soc.)
  • markers: fem. dress + ceremonial roles
  • marginalized in today’s soc.
    ⤷ recently officially recog. in india
39
Q

explain + define (case study): fa’afafine

A
  • samoan
  • bio. males who dress like women + take on fem. roles
  • some live entirely as women, others just adopt some feat.
  • some self-identify, some are designated by mother
40
Q

question: categorize the third gender case studies

A
  • man-woman duality: burrneshat, fa’afafine, muxes
  • recog. as distinct from man-woman duality: hijras
  • conferred: burrneshat
  • self-identify: hijras, fa’afafine, muxes
41
Q

explain + define (case study): muxes

A
  • third gender in mexico
  • bio. males
  • way of life
  • many faced hardship + defiance from families
  • body mods (sometimes harmful)
42
Q

explain: paris is burning

A
  • bridges sex, gender, sexuality
  • forming community + fostering accepting “families”
  • merges performance (balls)
    ⤷ shows pushing boundaries
43
Q

explain: kumu hina

A
  • ex. of third gender
  • mahu in hawaii
  • fa’afafine
44
Q

define: paleoanthropologist

A
  • studies human evol. through fossils + archaeological records
  • do not study modern primates directly
45
Q

question: primative vs derived diff.?

A
  • primative: shared by last common ancestor between chimp + humans
  • derived: unique to anatomically modern humans
46
Q

define: relative dating

A
  • identifies order/series
  • relies on fact that things from same time = similar
  • references stratigraphy + uses typologies
  • stratigraphy: older layers lie under younger ones
  • typology: relies on recog. of types of artifacts + their time period
47
Q

define: absolute dating

A
  • identifies numerical age
  • relies on sampling
  • uses radiometric methods
    ⤷ ex. carbon dating, decay rates
  • limitations: can’t date past a certain date
    ⤷ bc of diff. rates of radioactive decay
48
Q

define: paleoclimate reconstruction

A
  • climate can show where humans lived + what res. were available
  • climate can be reconstructed:
    ⤷ fossil analysis
    ⤷ stable isotope ratios
    ⤷ diatom analysis
49
Q

define: primatologist

A
  • study primates that have same taxo. order
50
Q

define: ethnoprimatology

A
  • studies intersection between primates + humans
51
Q

name: sub-orders of primate family tree

A
  • strepsirrhini
  • haplorhini

*humans = haplorrhini

52
Q

explain (case study): shifts in dentition

A
  • strepsirrhini + platyrrhini: 2.1.3.3
  • haplorhini: 2.1.2.3
  • primate diet moved from insects -> fruits + veggies -> omnivores
53
Q

explain: sexual dimorphism (in terms of primates + humans)

A
  • high dimorphism = polygynous mating sys. (inter-male comp.)
  • less dimorphism = monogamous mating sys. (less comp.)
  • ↓ in humans
  • diverse mating sys.
  • less dimorphism ∴ less comp.
  • good soc. cooperation may explain the lack of comp.
54
Q

define: primate

A
  • biological order w/ humans + closest relatives
  • living and extinct
  • closer related = more recent common ancestor
55
Q

define: hominoidea

A
  • superfamily w/ all living + extinct hominoids
56
Q

define: hominids

A
  • humans + apes + immediate ancestors
57
Q

define: hominin

A
  • grouping of humans + immediate ancestors
58
Q

define: homology

A
  • shared feat. are obs. bc of common ancestor
59
Q

name: strepsirrhines feat. + ex.

A
  • ex. lemurs, lories
  • feat.:
    ⤷ wet noses
    ⤷ cleft upper lip
    ⤷ tooth comb
    ⤷ 2.1.3.3
    ⤷ grooming claws
    ⤷ postorbital bar (eye bar)
60
Q

name: haplorines feat. + ex.

A
  • ex. tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans
  • feat.:
    ⤷ dry nose
    ⤷ continuous upper lip
    ⤷ postorbital cups (eye socket)
61
Q

name: haplorhine intraorders

A
  • 2 intraorders split at 42mya
  • platyrrhini
  • catarrhini
  • tarsiformes (not in slides)
62
Q

name: platyrrhine feat.

A
  • new world monkeys
  • feat.:
    ⤷ broad + flat noses
    ⤷ 2.1.3.3
    ⤷ prehensile tail
    ⤷ aboreal
63
Q

name: catarrhines feat.

A
  • old world monkeys
  • feat.:
    ⤷ downward pointing nostrils
    ⤷ 2.1.2.3
    ⤷ terrestrial + aboreal
64
Q

define: anthropomorphism

A
  • need to not anthropomorphize primates
  • cannot ascribe human emo. or perspectives to primates
  • can use comparative approach
    ⤷ but base the comp. on founded conclusions (no assumptions)
65
Q

name: last common ancestor

A
  • 8 - 5mya
  • 2002: sahelanthropus tachadensis
    ⤷ candidate for first hominin (7mya)
66
Q

name: feat. of sahelanthropus tachadensis

A
  • from northern chad
  • deformed skull, mandible frag., teeth, and femur
  • derived and primitive:
    ⤷ reduced facial prognathism
    ⤷ small brain capacity (~350cc)
    ⤷ U-shaped dental arcade
    ⤷ anterior foramen magnum
    ⤷ heavy brow ridges
    ⤷ reduction in canine size
67
Q

explain: sahelanthropus tachadensis + bipedalism

A
  • anterior foramen magnum suggested bipedalism
  • 2020: Maccharelli
    ⤷ suggested femoral angles = inconsistent w/ bipedalism
  • prob. not obligate biped
  • maybe facultative biped
68
Q

name: advantages + disadvantages of bipedalism

A
  • disadvantages
    ⤷ more visible to predators
    ⤷ slower over short dist.
    ⤷ exposes underbelly
    ⤷ black problems
  • advantages
    ⤷ better thermoregulation
  • 2 theories
    1. savannah hypothesis: humans transitioned from rainforests -> savannahs
    ⤷ bipedal so they can see over grass
    ⤷ hypo. criticised bc. evi. suggests transition was gradual
  1. carry objects
    ⤷ tool use = defining feat. of hominins
    ⤷ seen after bipedalism (freed hands for tools)
69
Q

question: how to identify bipedalism?

A
  • position of foramen magnum (more anterior)
  • shape of spine (s-shaped)
  • shape of pelvis (broad + low)
  • shape + struc. of feet (arch presence)
  • struc. of femur + knee (femoral head angle + bicondylar angle) (slant outward)
70
Q

explain (case study): ardi

A
  • discovered 1992 - 93 in ethiopia
  • 110 fossil specimens from many indiv.
  • 300 - 350 cc
  • awkward biped
    ⤷ large hands + long fingers
    ⤷ can walk on 2 but also arboreal
71
Q

name: australopithecines (feat.)

A
  • 4 - 1mya
  • exclusively in east + south africa
  • first clear evi. of obligate bipedalism
  • retained from primitive
    ⤷ small cc
    ⤷ large post-canine dentition
    ⤷ small overall
72
Q

name: categories of australopithecines

A
  • australopithecines
  • robust australopithecines
73
Q

name: robust australopithecine feat. + ex.

A
  • more pronounced chewing apparatuses
  • more pronounced zygomatic arches + sagittal crest (skull)
  • ex. paranthropus boisei
    ⤷ 2.3 - 1.2mya
    ⤷ 510 cc
    ⤷ skull adapted for chewing
    ⤷ extinct 1mya
    ⤷ not direct human ancestor
74
Q

name: gracile australopithecine ex.

A
  • ex. lucy (a. afarensis)
    ⤷ 3.2mya
    ⤷ discovered 1974
    ⤷ 40% complete
  • ex. taung child (a. africanus)
    ⤷ 2.8mya
    ⤷ 3 yrs old at death
    ⤷ discovered at 1924
75
Q

explain (case study): laetoli footprints

A
  • 1978
  • discovered by mary leaky in tanzania
  • assumed 2 ppl walking side by side
  • footprints on volcanic field in ashes
  • evi. for bipedalism based on gait
76
Q

name: homo habilis feat.

A
  • 2.5 - 1.8mya
  • showed use of formal tools
  • derived:
    ⤷ larger brain case
    ⤷ smaller face + teeth
  • primitive:
    ⤷ moderately prognatic face
    ⤷ long arms
77
Q

explain: oldowan tools

A
  • first use of stone tools
  • 2.5mya tanzania
  • associated w/ homo habilis
  • flakes, scrapers, choppers, pounders
78
Q

name: homo erectus feat.

A
  • 1.8 - 0.3mya
  • first known hominin to leave africa (asia, euope, britain)
  • less sexual dimorphism
  • used new industry tools (acheulean)
  • derived:
    ⤷ flatter face
    ⤷ lower brachial index (short arms)
    ⤷ larger brain + body
  • primitive:
    ⤷ pronounced brow ridge
    ⤷ low sloping brain case
79
Q

explain (case study): turkana boy

A
  • homo ergaster
  • 1.6mya
  • most complete skeleton of hominin
  • 12 yrs old boy died + buried quickly
    ⤷ kept well preserved
  • 5’3 at death (tall for 12 yr old)
  • derived:
    ⤷ barrel chest
    ⤷ obligate biped
    ⤷ large cc
80
Q

question: homo erectus vs homo ergaster diff.?

A
  • lumper vs splitter arguments
  • erec.: large geo. range
    ⤷ erec. in asia should be separate from sp. in africa
  • erec.: smaller w/ higher domed cranium + thinner cranial walls
  • erg.: may have given rise to recent hominin sp. (erec. didn’t)
  • splitters still agree there are sim.
81
Q

explain: homo erectus + fire

A
  • cooking + implication for nutritional value of food
  • allowed h. erec. to expand into colder climates
  • 1.5mya: kobi forest, africa
  • 1mya: wonderwerk cave, africa
  • 780 - 40kya: zhoukoudian cave, china
  • used FTIR
    ⤷ look at soil + chem. composition shifts to see impact of heat
  • cooking = easier to absorb nutrients -> gut shrank + smaller teeth
82
Q

explain: homo neanderthalensis

A
  • 200kya
  • evol. from homo heidelbergensis
  • accomp. by new tool industry (mousterian)
  • found in colder sites (europe)
83
Q

question: neandethal vs h. sapiens diff.?

A
  • nean:
    ⤷ no chin
    ⤷ low sloping forehead
    ⤷ large brow ridges
    ⤷ projecting mid-face
    ⤷ occipital bun + larger cc
  • diff. chest shapes (rib)
  • diff. nasal cavities -> diff. lungs -> diff. rib cages
  • nean. = shorter + more squat
  • nean. more adapted to cold climates)
84
Q

explain (case study): neanderthal genome project

A
  • relation to the modern human
  • 2006 - 2013
  • DNA from femurs of nean. in croatia
  • non-african modern humans share 1 - 4% DNA w/ nean.
  • inherited diseases (lupus, diabetes, psoriasis)
85
Q

explain (case study): la chapelle aux saints + nean. culture

A
  • 50000ya: la chapelle aux saints
    ⤷ evi. that nean. bury dead
  • ex. of care for sick, injured, elderly
    ⤷ burials w/ healed + broken bones
  • suggestions of lang.
    ⤷ tool complexity (requires verbal instructions)
  • grave goods (flowers, tools, panther paws)
86
Q

name + define: categories of lithics

A
  1. unmodified
    - stones used in natural form
  2. ground stone tools
    - polished + ground tools
    - smooth
  3. chipped stone tools
    - mod. by removing chips from stones
    - uneven surfaces
87
Q

define: form + func. of lithics

A
  • form: phyc. properties
    ⤷ insight into manu. process
    ⤷ complexity shows cognitive capacity + teaching skills
  • func: way it was used
    ⤷ insight into behaviour
88
Q

question: oldowan vs acheulean tools diff.?

A
  • oldowan = h. habilis
    ⤷ exclusively hard hammer percussion for sharp edge
    ⤷ hand tools
  • acheulean = h. erectus (maybe erg.)
    ⤷ hard + soft hammer
    ⤷ famous: acheulean hand axe
89
Q

explain: mousterian tool industry

A
  • assoc. w/ nean.
  • 160 - 40kya
  • used levallois tech.
    ⤷ way to generate large stone flake w. retouchable cutting edge
  • mousterian point used as projectile on spear
  • shows argument for lang.
    ⤷ needed to describe process (bc complexity)
90
Q

explain: bonobos video

A
  • showed more matrilineal hierarchy
  • non-violent
  • diff. from other monkey soc.

anthrop 1aa3 (2 decks)

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