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Bio > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Food supplies organisms with…

A

-raw material for growth and repair
-energy for the cells -> metabolism
-resources needed to fight against disease and stay healthy

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2
Q

Two types of nutrition

A

-autotrophic
-heterotrophic

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3
Q

“A balanced diet provides all the…

A

“A balanced diet provides all the nutrients, in the correct amounts, needed to carry out the life process”

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4
Q

The opposite of balanced diet

A

Mal nutrition

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5
Q

What is rickets

A

Softening and weakening of bones because of malnutrition

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6
Q

What causes rickets

A

lack of vitamin D and Calcium

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7
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

Provides all the nutrients in correct amounts needed to carry out the different life processes

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8
Q

What does a balanced diet consist of?

A
  1. lipids
  2. carbohydrates
  3. proteins
  4. (Nucleic acids)
  5. vitamins and minerals (needed in small amounts, essential for the efficient use of other nutrients)
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9
Q

What percentage of water is in the human body?

A

+- 70%

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10
Q

Why is water needed?

A

-Important for transporting substances/metabolism
*you need at least 1.5 litres of water per day

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11
Q

What is fibre

A

The indigestible part of vegetables, cellulose -> cell wall

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12
Q

What do we need fibre for?

A

It’s important for digestion by stretching the muscle of the gut and helping the food along
*shortage of fibre = constipation

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13
Q

How is energy measured?

A

Joules or Calories

  • 1 calorie = 4.2 J
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14
Q

What are the three main energy providing organic molecules?

A

Fats - 39 kj/g
Carbohydrates - 17 kj/g
Proteins -20 kj/g

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15
Q

Energy is needed for metabolic reactions, depending on 3 factors. What are they?

A

Basal metabolic rate
Activity or exercise
Digestion, absorption and storage of nutrients

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16
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate

A

The process of staying alive (thinking, breathing, temperature regulation, circulation)

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17
Q

What are factors influencing nutritional needs?

A

1.Age
2.gender
3.weight and height
4.growth periods
5.physical activity
6.pregnancy

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18
Q

Salivary glands

A

Produce saliva -> H2O, amylase

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19
Q

Action of pushing food and water down to organs

A

Peristalsis

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20
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

-By teeth and tongue
- by stomach movements (food mixed)

21
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

By enzymes (WS3)

22
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Enzymes convert large, complex molecules into small, soluble molecules which can be absorbed

23
Q

Absorption

A

-Most of the absorption of the nutrients into the blood or lymph takes place in the ileum ( 3 part of small intestine)

24
Q

Absorption -> adaptions of the ileum to its functions

A
  1. Very long (5m) -> enough time for absorption
  2. Highly folded surface (longer surface area for absorption)
  3. Villi
  4. Micro villi
  5. epithelium only one of a cell thick -> short distance for absorption
  6. capillaries in the villus
25
Q

Absorption -> adaptions of the ileum to its functions pt2

A

1.capillaries in the villus -> fast absorption of nutrients into the blood stream/ lacteal -lymphatic system
2.absorption of water: in the colon
3.storage of faeces until defecation: in rectum

26
Q

important functions of the liver

A

-absorbs food nutrients (amino acids and glucose) are first sent to the liver via hepatic portal vein
-liver sorts out these molecules and provides them in ideal concentrations to the different parts of the body

27
Q

define human respiratory system

A

breathing is a biophysical process involving inhaling and exhaling to supply the respiratory system with O2 for -> cellular respiration

28
Q

Gas exchange in alveoli by diffusion:

A

movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

29
Q

LEARN DIFFUSION DIAGRAM

A
30
Q

nostril

A

passageway for air

31
Q

nasal cavity

A

-filters lined with ciliated goblet cells (cellular?)
- warms
-moistures air

32
Q

mouth

A

passageway for air and food

33
Q

pharynx

A

common passage way for food and air

34
Q

epiglottis

A

covers the larynx

35
Q

larynx

A

air passes through here during breathing. when breathing out, the vocal can be made to vibrate. The sound produced create our speech.

36
Q

trachea

A

tube that carries air towards the lungs. C-shaped rings of cartilage prevent the trachea collapsing during inhalation.

37
Q

bronchus

A

first branch from the trachea. There is one bronchus to each lung

38
Q

bronchiole

A

final, very fine branch leading into alveolus

39
Q

alveoli

A

these are lined by the membranes where gas exchange takes place. The surface is moist, thin and has an enormous area.
*in humans the total surface area is about as big as a tennis court

40
Q

diaphragm

A

helps you inhale and exhale

41
Q

homogenus

A

a mixture/ a solution

42
Q

pepsin

A

breaks down food

acids act as a disinfectant for food in you stomach

43
Q

saliva

A

contains salivary amylase to digest starch/ polysaccharides into maltose (dissach.), mucus to lubricate food and hydrogen carbonate (alkaline) -> ideal ph for amylase to work

44
Q

what is the best approximate ph for amylase to work

A

alkaline

45
Q

gastric juice

A

-hydrochloric acid (HCl) provides acidic conditions (ph2) for pepsin and kills microorganisms
-mucus protects the wall of the stomach from HCl

46
Q

pancreatic juice

A

container enzymes (proteases, lipases, amylases) and hydrogen carbonate which neutralises the acidity from the stomach to ph8

47
Q

bile

A

emulsifies the fats: converts them from large globules to smaller droplets, giving greater surface area for lipases to attack

48
Q

why is diffusion simple

A

-Simple diffusion does not require energy

*Diffusion is a type of transport that simply occurs when there is a concentration difference where the molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Bio (4 decks)

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