Chapter I and II

Question 1

unspecialised animal cells have

Answer 1

1. cell membrane
2. cytoplasm
3. mitochondria

Question 2

unspecialised plant cells

Answer 2

1. a cellulose cell wall
2. a permanent vacuole
3. chloroplasts (green parts of the cell)
   → chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Question 3

cells

Answer 3

• all living organisms are based on units known as cells

-most cells share basic features, but the size, shape & specialised features of the cells are tied to their function

Question 4

organisation levels for nuclear organisms

Answer 4

• organ systems
• organ
• tissue
• cell
• organelles
• molecules
• atoms

Question 5

organ systems

Answer 5

group of organs working together to perform body functions e.g. digestive system

Question 6

organ

Answer 6

group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

Question 7

tissue

Answer 7

group of cells working together (cell same structure)

Question 8

cell

Answer 8

structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Question 9

organelles

Answer 9

cell structure having a specific function within the cell

Question 10

molecules

Answer 10

group of atoms bonded together

Question 11

atoms

Answer 11

smallest component of an element

Question 12

movement in and out of cells

Answer 12

• cell membrane shows selective permeability*
• whether a molecule can pass through the cell membrane depends on its SIZE and its ELECTRICAL NATURE

*the ability of a substance to allow gases or liquids to go through it

Question 13

the phospholipid bilayer is

Answer 13

• highly permeable to small non polar (hydrophobic) molecules like O2, CO2, small lipids
• slightly permeable to small polar molecules like H20

-not permeable to large polar molecules like glucose and ions (charged atoms and molecules)

Question 14

diffusion

Answer 14

– spontaneous random movements
– (kinetic energy)
– no energy needed
– particles move from a high concentrated region to a less concentrated region

Question 15

osmosis

Answer 15

osmosis is the diffusion of solvent/water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a lower to higher solute concentration (→up the solute gradient)

Question 16

FFFFFfacilitated diffusion

Answer 16

→diffusion of a molecule through a specific transport protein

• channel protein
• carrier protein

Question 17

active transport

Answer 17

transport of a molecule against the concentration gradient through specific proteins (carriers) requiring energy

Question 18

macromolecules

Answer 18

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.

macromolecules pass the membrane through endo- and exocytosis

→ mecanism of active transport which allows the enty or exit of big particles & macromolecules

Question 19

phagocytosis

Answer 19

cell eating

Question 20

pinocytosis

Answer 20

cell drinking

Question 21

the endocrine system

Answer 21

series of organs called “glands” which secrete chemicals called hormones

Question 22

glycaemia

Answer 22

concentration of glucose in the blood
→ normal values around 1g/L

is controlled by 2 antagonistic hormones (opposite reactions) both are secreted by the pancreas

Question 23

insulin

Answer 23

lowers glycaemia

Question 24

glucagon

Answer 24

raises glycaemia

Question 25

cell membrane functions

Answer 25

• regulate the transport of materials that are entering or leaving cell
• communicate between cells
• separates the interior from the exterior

Question 26

mitochondrion (mitochondria) structure

Answer 26

have double/ 2 membrane

• outer membrane is smooth
• the inner membrane huge surface area efficient for chemical reactions
  aerobic respiration

Question 27

mitochondrion (mitochondria) function

Answer 27

powerhouse of the cell

• most mitochondrial reactions involve the production of usable cellular energy called adenosine triphosphate atp

Question 28

nucleus

Answer 28

• contains genetic information, the DNA
• it often appears in the form of chromosomes which vary in the number depending on the species
  →they carry all infromation necessary for the cell to exist

chromatin is a mixture of DNA and proteins
chromosomes are only visible during cell division

Question 29

homeostasis

Answer 29

self - regulating ability to maintain a relatively stable and optimal internal state

Question 30

constant factors in the internal environment of the body

Answer 30

→ water levels
→ salt concentration
→ pH
→ glucose levels
→ temperature

Question 31

lungs (homeostatic organ)

Answer 31

co2 + o2 levels in the blood

Question 32

liver (homeostatic organ)

Answer 32

solute levels in blood

Question 33

kidneys (homeostatic organs)

Answer 33

water and salt

Question 34

skin (homeostatic organ)

Answer 34

heat loss and gain

Question 35

intestines (homeostatic organ)

Answer 35

nutrient and water in the blood

Question 36

under what condition can cells not absorb glucose in glycogen>

Answer 36

when the glucose blood levels are too high

Question 37

stimulus (control of body temperature)

Answer 37

change in body temperature

Question 38

sensor (control of body temperature)

Answer 38

nerve ending in skin

Question 39

control center (control of body temperature)

Answer 39

hypothalamus brain

Question 40

effector (control of body temperature)

Answer 40

sweat glands, hair muscle, capillaries, muscles (shivering)

Question 41

what happens to your glycaemia when you eat

Answer 41

every time you eat glycaemia goes up and will be regulated

Question 42

glycogen

Answer 42

polymer of glucose

Question 43

fat cells and glycaemia

Answer 43

fat cells transform glucose into lipids

Question 44

general cells and glucose

Answer 44

general cells need glucose but they dont store it

Question 45

chromatin

Answer 45

chromatin is a mixture of DNA and proteins
chromosomes are only visible during cell division