Test 2

Question 1

Viewpoint-invariant

Answer 1

Something that doesn’t change or is not affected by the angle or perspective from which you look at it. The object can still be recognized no matter the angle.

Question 2

Viewpoint-dependent

Answer 2

The recognition of the object is dependent on the angle it is presented from. When presented from an angle that is less used, it might not be recognized or recognized as fast.

Example: bicycle from the side view or front view.

Question 3

Geons

Answer 3

The notion that the human visual system uses basic geometric shapes to recognize and understand objects.

Proposed by the recognition-by-components theory.

Question 4

When do top-down processes play a larger role in object recognition?

Answer 4

When the visual information is limited, for example, a blurry photo or a partially hidden object, or an object that is shown for a short time.

Question 5

Response bias

Question 6

Blindsight

Answer 6

A rare condition where people who can’t see certain things due to brain damage can still react to them without realizing they’re seeing anything.

Question 7

Face superiority effect

Answer 7

The ability of humans to be exceptionally good at recognizing and processing faces compared to other objects or patterns.

Question 8

Tatcher illusion

Answer 8

Some elements of the face are flipped upside down, others are not.

The resulting face looks normal when viewed upside down. However, when the face is turned right-side-up, the eyes and mouth are also inverted, causing the face to look strange.

Question 9

Two-process model

Answer 9

A theory that two processes work together at the same time:

• Holistic processing enables rapid and efficient recognition of familiar faces based on their overall configuration and arrangement.
• Feature-based processing allows for the detailed analysis of individual facial components (e.g., identifying a suspect’s distinctive nose or eyes).

Question 10

Visual cliff expriment

Answer 10

An experiment where infants and animals were led to a cliff, which was a visual illusion of a cliff, as it was actually just a transparent surface.

Question 11

Face recognition (Bruce & Young model)

Answer 11

A theoretical framework that outlines the different stages and processes involved in recognizing faces.

Question 12

Prosopagnosia

Answer 12

The inability of individuals to recognize people’s faces.

Question 13

Face inversion effect

Answer 13

The phenomenon of faces being much harder to recognize when they are upside down compared to when they are upright.

It is not the same when it comes to other objects.

Question 14

Arguments in favor of the existence of a specific mental mechanism for face processing

Answer 14

• The face inversion effect, where faces are much harder to recognize when inverted compared to other objects, demonstrates the uniqueness of face processing. This effect suggests that faces are processed differently and rely on holistic processing mechanisms distinct from other visual stimuli.
• Individuals with prosopagnosia, a condition characterized by difficulty in recognizing faces, often due to brain injury or impairment in specific brain areas, provide evidence for the specificity of face processing mechanisms. Often they have no problems with the perception and recognition of other objects.

Question 15

Research methods on perceptual development

Answer 15

• Research of the perception of newborn babies
• Research on animals kept in sensory deprivation

Question 16

Nature vs. nature debate nurture in perceptual processing issues

Question 17

Fusiform face area

Answer 17

A specific area in the brain that has been linked to facial recognition.

Question 18

Visual information processing levels

Question 19

Principles of perceptual organization and segregation of the figure from a background

Answer 19

• Principle of closure
• Principle of continuity

Question 20

Marr’s computational approach

Question 21

Recognition theories dependent on the observer’s point of view versus
recognition theories independent of the observer’s point of view

Question 22

Diffused attention, concentrated attention, focused/selective attention, divided attention

Answer 22

• Focused or selective attention - the attention is directed to one of two or more stimuli using top-down processes.
• Divided attention (also known as multi-tasking): the attention is being split between two separate stimuli or tasks.

Question 23

Cocktail party effect

Answer 23

The ability to focus on and extract relevant information, such as a particular conversation, in a crowded and noisy environment, like a cocktail party.

Question 24

Dichotic listening and shadowing technique (experimental paradigm)

Answer 24

Dichotic listening - an experiment technique where a different auditory message is presented to each ear and the attention has to be directed to one message.

Shadowing technique - an experiment technique that involves the person repeating one auditory message while the other message is being played simultaneously.

Question 25

Filter theory, attenuation theory, membership theory

Answer 25

Different theories explaining the cocktail party problem.

Question 26

Psychological refractory period and attentional blink

Answer 26

• Psychological refractory period: the inability to respond fast to a second stimuli if it comes in short succession of the first one.

Question 27

Inattentional blindness

Answer 27

Inability to notice things and events in the surroundings if person’s attention is directed elsewhere (for example, talking on a phone).

Question 28

Change blindness

Answer 28

Inability to notice changes that were made to some less important or background aspects of an image.

Question 29

Mnesic processes and structures

Question 30

Memory processes: recording (coding), archiving, retrieval and forgetting

Answer 30

Decay - the notion that memories fade or weaken over time if they are not accessed or rehearsed.

Interfecence - different memories get mixed up or interfere with each other, making it hard to remember specific things. New memories are coming in, while the previous ones were not stored in long-term memory.

Question 31

Mnesic structures (primary/immediate memory; secondary/long-term memory)

Question 32

Multi-file model and specific procedural characteristics of different files

Question 33

Sensory memory (iconic, echoic, haptic)

Answer 33

Iconic memory - a sensory state that holds visual information for a very short time (miliseconds).

Echoic memory - a sensory state that holds auditory information for a very short time (seconds).

Haptic memory -

Question 34

Serial effects on memory (primacy and recency)

Question 35

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 35

A medical condition of a person in which they don’t remember anything that happened prior to the brain injury.

Question 36

Memory span and chunking

Answer 36

Chunking - the organization of information in separate groups or chunks, it could be based on a pattern.

e.g. Phone numbers used to be written in chunks of 3 digits.

Question 37

Interference mechanisms

Question 38

Articulatory suppression

Question 39

Working memory and its components: central executive, phonological loop system,
visual-spatial sketch

Question 40

Word length effect

Answer 40

An observation that longer words are harder to remember in short term memory than shorter words.

Question 41

Phonological similarity effect

Answer 41

If several words sound similar, they are harder to remember because of this. If they sound very different, they are easier to remember.

Question 42

Lexicality effect

Question 43

Episodic warehouse