TEST 2

Question 1

police demands + requirements

Answer 1

1. MULTIPLE / DIVERSE TASKS
2. KNOWLEDGE OF THE LAW / ACT LAWFULLY
3. PROMOTE A POSITIVE IMAGE
4. BEUREAUCRATIC / PERSONAL STRESS

Question 2

CLUSTER 1

Answer 2

§ Physical courage
§ Self-assertiveness
§ Pragmatism
§ Mission
§ Action
□ A group of people who need to take action
□ Training, responsibility, and authority to intervene

Question 3

CLUSTER 2

Answer 3

○ Suspicion
○ Cynicism
○ Pessimism
○ Scretuveness
○ Loyalty
○ Solidarity
□ A tendency for police for them to feel like they’re in a close knit group that shares a common identity; a bond only they understand
□ Can cause feelings of isolation, judgment, misunderstanding, and/or fear
□ Overexposure to criminals (constantly seeing the worst part of humanity)
□ View of male offenders is more negative than the general population
□ Overall antisocial view of the world
□ In group and outgroup views to be sharpened

Question 4

CLUSTER 3

Answer 4

§ Conservatism
□
§ Authoritarianism
□ Scale/concept that emerged trying to understand WW2; how people embraced the Nazi party
□ Value hierarchical dominance
® Lower on the hierarchy = role is to be obedient and submit
* Prejudice
□ Not everyone sees everyone as an equal
□ Easy to have prejudice and discriminate against outgroups (conventions and environment of the job)
® Police treat people with different statuses differently
□ Stereotypes
® Eg. female police officers

Question 5

VALUES IN A POLICE CAREER

Answer 5

1. Preference for order and security (power, security, conformity, traditionalism)
2. Desire to provide social services to others (benevolence)
3. A job that allows independent thought and creativity (Lurigio & Skogan, 1994)(stimulation and self-direction)

Question 6

HUNTING

Answer 6

Taking information and narrowing your focus

Question 7

TRACKERS

Answer 7

find the physical evidence the animal has left behind (footprint)

Question 8

LAY PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 8

• Ex: research on impression formation
  
  • Before we even meet someone new, we will make our own clues to tell us qualities about them to tell ourselves what kind of person we are meeting
  • Rudimentary impression (what they’re wearing, what context we observing them, what expressions, how they look)
  • Create an expectation of what someone is like based on our understanding of the messages we gathered from our beliefs (ex: what’s your previous experience w ppl that dress similarly)
  • Happens unconsciously

Question 9

CRIMINOLOGICAL TYPING; LOMBROSO

Answer 9

• White collar crimes vs violent offences based on your eyebrows
  
  • High brow vs low brow
  • Been debunked, but it made sense on terms of narrowing the field down for ppl with certain brows to then find out what type of criminal they are

Question 10

PSYCHOANALYSIS; BRUSSEL

Answer 10

• Idea we need to come up with a reason on what’s motivating someone
  
  • Produced accurate profile of the mag bomber
  • “police should be looking for someone w female relatives”
  • He looked at hand written notes made by the mag bomber and discovered his w’s looked like breasts (representing female influence)

Question 11

EMPIRICISTS PERSPECTIVE

Answer 11

• Lets collect more data on more characteristics to help link certain characteristics w certain offender behaviour
  
  • Helps us know where to look

Question 12

CORE ASSUMPTION #1

Answer 12

• Criminal behaviour is subject to the same set of grand laws of human behaviour to which noncriminal behaviour is subject
  
  • the motives, the process associ w criminal behaviour are the same motives processes motivated w non criminal behaviour
  • There’s nothing special about it, no different psychological processes
  • Ppl engage in behaviour that they think is rewarding, whether that be sitting in a classroom or killing someone, its still rewarding

Question 13

CORE ASSUMPTION #1 EQUATION

Answer 13

B= f (P, E), WHERE E= (V+C)
B= offender behaviour, function of
P= offender characteristics (level of rage, anxiety, impulse)
(person)
E= environment (= to some unspecified combo of the victim and the context)
V= victim
C= context

Lets us know the pieces of the puzzle

GOAL OF PROLFING:
- To solve for P

Question 14

CORE ASSUMPTION #2

Answer 14

• “profiling is a psychological (attributional task)

Question 15

EQUATION FOR CORE ASSUMPTION #2

Answer 15

• WHAT
• WHEN
• WHERE (PHYSICAL EVIDENCE). —>

HOW (EVENT RECONSTRUCTION, WHAT ACC HAPPENED) —>

WHY (BEHAVIOURS, INTENTIONS, CHARACTERISTICS) —>

WHO? = PROFILE

Question 16

THE PROBLEM OF DISTORTION

Answer 16

Evidence collection (if distortion happens here, then everything else will be wrong too)
- Possible to misinterpret the physical evidence
- Ex: remains found in desert locations
- Looks like they died from blood forced trauma due to broken ribs, bones
- Further observation; vultures would come stand on the deceased, bones got weaker and broke
- If you got that wrong, you’re going in a whole different direction
- Another ex: contaminating the crime scene

Question 17

CORE PROFILING TASKS

Answer 17

• MODUS OPERANDI
• PERSONATION/ SIGNATURE (THE STYLE)
• STAGING
• DURESS
• HABIT

Question 18

CORE PROFILE CHALLENGES

Answer 18

1. offenders lie
2. caught vs not caught (only info from caught)
3. validating victimology of the dead (not here to give their side)
4. trad research goal vs profiling goal (characteristics of person, prob. because of human range)
5. profilers refuse to participate in profilers in case they get it wrong
   (egos, distrust, hype, ignorance)

Question 19

SOURCES OF INVESTIGATOR BIAS

Answer 19

1. Personality characteristics (ex cop culture)
   
   • If you have a certain set of expectations, they will bias you
2. Values and general worldview
   
   • (you can bring that into an interview)
3. Prejudices and stereotypes (ex racial profiling)
   
   • Dividing the world into groups
   • Take those groups and turn them into ingroups or outgroups
4. Specific prior expectations (ex other witness accounts, similar past cases)
   
   • Expectations can come from someone else who already viewed the situation
   • An anqor (first piece of info) that you then deviate from
   • “anqour on the first piece, this will influence the rest of your judgements”

Question 20

PROBLEMATIC INTERVIEWING TECHNIQUES

Answer 20

1. leading questions
2. reinforcing expectations, giving verbal/nonverbal clues
3. ignoring/disconfirming unwanted answer
4. heavy pressure tactics

Question 21

SOURCES OF INTERVIEWEE BIAS

Answer 21

1. memory accuracy
2. personality characteristics
3. voluntary deception (lying)

Question 22

LEAKAGE HYPOTHESIS

Answer 22

• There are detectable differences that distinguish lying from truth telling
  
  • “people leak that they are not being truthful”

Question 23

MAJOR INDICATORS OF LYING EMERGE BECAUSE LYING IS

Answer 23

A) STRESSFUL AND
B) REQUIRES MORE COGNITIVE RESOURCES

Question 24

5 WAYS TO PUT INNOCENT PPL AT RISK

Answer 24

1. “I don’t interrogate innocent people”
2. waive rights, innocent don’t believe they need protection
3. Higher pressure interrogation if denying guilt
4. use questionable interrogation techniques
5. “id know a false confession if I saw one”

Question 25

INTERVIEW TECHNIQUES (positive)

Answer 25

1. Direct positive confrontation
   2. Empathic techniques
      - Try to get someone to open up, because you understand them
      - I know what you’re going through
   3. Praise or flattery
      - “whoever pulled off this robbery was brilliant”
   4. In their best interest
      - “you’re going to carry this guilt with you till you confess”
   5. Pit co-offenders against each other
      - If they’re separated, they both have to tell their story
      - The person in the next room is going to tell us it was you

Question 26

PEACE METHOD

Answer 26

1. PREP AND PLANNING
   
   • Should have a plan, don’t go in there and wing it
   • Know the questions to ask
   • Understand who you are interviewing, child, foreign, part of a racialized group
   2. ENGAGE AND EXPLAIN
      - Active listening to establish a rapport
      - Develop connection
      - Explain the interview, what they’re doing, process + procedure, etc
      - Then they encourage the person to say anything they think is relevant
   3. ACCOUNT
      - Get them to tell their side
      - Questions should help CLARIFY their account
      - One q at a time
      - Leading questions only used as a last resort for info they haven’t given you
   4. CLOSURE
      - The closing is planned, not abrupt
      - Summarize what you heard, and give them the chance to correct or elaborate on anything
      - They might also have questions,
   5. EVALUATE
      - Assess how does this persons info fit with the rest of the investigation
      - Does this info contradict others
      - Reflect on interview: did I do a good job interviewing this person

Question 27

core values in policing (PAIR)

Answer 27

PROFESSIONALISM

ACCOUNTAILITY

INTEGRITY

RESPONSABILITY