TEST 1 Flashcards
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES
- structural
- subcultural
- control theories
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
- iq
- body type
- neurological
- hormones
PYSCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
- personality factors
- psychoanalysis
- constitutional learning
- social learning
STRUCTURAL ANTECEDENTS
- physiological precursors (Temperament /ANS responsitivity, Dysregulation of neurotrans/ seratonin, Hormone levels)
- environmental risk factors (social/ family environment)
- psychological dispositions (insecure attachments, low empathy)
PROXIMAL MEC
- prox motivations ( goals )
- prox emotions
(inhibitory / reduce offending: guilt )
(exhibitory / increase offending: anger ) - prox congnititons (beliefs about self / others)
RESULTS (GENDER X CULTURE)
(a) the absence of consistent gender differences in value meanings across cultures and
(b) small gender differences between the meanings of a few value items within cultures or contexts that appear to be inconsistent across cultures.
CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIM
- lawbreaking occurred when people freely chose to behave wrongly when faced with a choice between right and wrong.
- People chose crime when they believed that the gains fro1n crime outweighed the losses it entailed.
POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF CRIM
- Rather than focusing on individuals’ free will, positivists emphasized factors that they believed determined criminal behavior.
- Positivists believed that punishment should fit the criminal rather than the crime.
THEORIES OF CRIME
- Sociological theories
- biological theories
- psychological theories
- social psychological theories
SHELDONS CONSTITUTIONAL THEORY
- (bio)
- Crime is because of your body type; says your temper
- Big muscled guys (mesomorphs) typically the most likely to do crime
JACOBS, BRUNTON MELVILLE AND BRITTAIN CHROMOSONAL THEORY
- (bio)
- Most men x and y chromo
- Some were said to have two y chromo therefore leading to more masculinity increasing chances of crime
NEVON’S THEORY OF LEAD EXPOSURE
- (bio)
- Connection to lead exposure (paint ex) in childhood to criminal behaviour
- Because impacts brain development; emotional regulation and impulsive control
MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY
- (soc)
- Crime is because of the strain felt by certain people (typically lower class) that are restricted by certain goals
- Some of these people will be normal, others turn to illegitimate means to achieve goals
SUTHERLANDS DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
-(soc)
- Criminal behaviour is learned through social interactions that either favourable or unfavourable to the law
- People more likely to commit crimes when learn attitudes favourable to the violations of the law
BECKER’S LABELLING THEORY
- (soc)
- Deviance not inherent act but a label attached to the act by society
- Criminal arises from society labelling them as such
- Self full filling: the criminal will want to do it
EYENCKS BISOCIAL THEORY OF CRIME
- (psych)
- Some people born w nervous systems that influence their ability to learn from consequence of bad behaviours
- Especially during childhood
AKER’S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
- (psych)
- The more you’re exposed to others who exhibit anti social behaviour, the more likely you will and commit crime
GOTTFREDSON AND HIRSCHI’S GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME
- (psych)
- Low self control that is learned early in life is the reason for criminal behaviour
FP AS A CLINICIAN
- Concerned with mental health issues regarding the legal system
- Assessments of offenders to see if they can be released from prison
- Ex:
- Child custody/ divorce mediation
FP AS A RESEARCHER (experimental forensic psychologists)
- Mental health issues, but not just that;
- Any form of research that has to do with the law
- Ex:
- Examining risk assessment strategies
- What influences a jury
- evaluating treatment programs
FP AS A LEGAL SCHOLAR
- Least common
- Engage in scholarly analyses of mental health law and psychologically oriented legal movements
- Work centers around policy analysis and legislative consultation
PSYCHOLOGY AND THE LAW
- Use of psychology to examine the operation of the legal system
Asking questions: are eyewitnesses accurate?
PSYCHOLOGY IN THE LAW
- The use of psychology in the legal system as it operates
- Might include expert testimony regarding a case
- Psychologist might testify the harms of eyewitness in a police lineup
PSYCHOLOGY OF THE LAW
- Use of psychology to examine the law itself
- “does law reduce the amount of crime in our society”?
DAUBERT CRITERIA (tests whether fact is reliable)
- Research has been peer reviewed
- Research is testable
- Research has a recognized rate of error
- Research adheres to professional standard
MOHAN CRITERIA (CANADA) (standard for expertise testimony)
- Evidence must be relevant
- Evidence must be necessary for assisting the trier of fact
- Evidence must not violate any other rules of exclusion
- Testimony must be provided by a qualified expert
