Test #2

Question 1

Environment of Evolutionary Adaptivenesss (EEA)

Answer 1

Environment wherein natural selection designed our ancestors to deal with challenges around 200, 000 years ago. Ergo, small hunter-gatherer societies.

Question 2

Young men & aggression

Answer 2

Men in particular seem to have mechanisms for aggression: these are activated when certain cues are present in certain contexts. According to ev. psych, this functions to: restore status, gain access to mates, and deter poachers.

Question 3

Environment of evolutionary adaptiveness (EEA)

Answer 3

Environment wherein our ancestors were designed to deal with challenges (eg; predators, natural disasters) 200, 000 years ago. Ergo, small hunter-gatherer societies.

Question 4

Sympathetic Nervous System as an example of natural selection

Answer 4

Limbic system detects and interprets threatening stimuli, and then activates SNS. If the threshold is too low, then the individual is constantly anxious and may be too anxious to forage/hunt, consequently starving. If the threshold is too high, then only extreme threats are detected and the SNS only activates too late.

Question 5

Sexual selection

Answer 5

Hostile forms of nature are not the only impetus for evolution; passing genes requires reproduction. Some heritable characteristics have selective mating benefits.

Question 6

Intrasexual competition

Answer 6

Members of the same sex compete for mating access. Winners’ genes are passed on.

Question 7

Sexual dimorphism hypothesis

Answer 7

When sex differs in Minimum Parental Investment (MPI), then one sex sires more offspring than another.

Question 8

Intersexual selection

Answer 8

If members have a consensus on what is attractive (traits), then those with said trait with be preferably chosen.

Question 9

Genetic drift

Answer 9

Random change in makeup of a population.

Question 10

Founder effect

Answer 10

Small, unrepresentative population establishes a new colony

Question 11

Genetic bottleneck

Answer 11

Population shrinks due to a catastrophe

Question 12

3 products of evolution

Answer 12

Adaptations, byproducts, and noise

Question 13

Adaptations

Answer 13

Exist due to natural/sexual selection allowing carriers to survive and reproduce. Beneficial.

Question 14

By-products

Answer 14

Do not solve any problem or have functional design.

Question 15

Noise

Answer 15

Random effects.

Question 16

Limits of evolutionary approach

Answer 16

It’s impossible to go back in time to the EEA, we don’t know as much as we’d like to about the environment, and today’s environment is actually quite different.

Question 17

Buss et al. (1999)

Answer 17

Men find partner having sex with other worse than women, who find partner having an emotional connection with other worse.

Question 18

Id

Answer 18

Dark, inaccessible part of personality. Desires. Irrational, no sense of time.

Question 19

Ego

Answer 19

Negotiator, problem-solver. Rational, mediating between id and super-ego as well as env. affordances. For a healthy personality, ego must be strong and effective as a mediator.

Question 20

Supergo

Answer 20

Inhibitor, source of guilt and shame. Societal rules and expectations- what “not to do”.

Question 21

Erikson: First 18 mos

Answer 21

Trust vs mistrust, can I trust my caregivers to meet my needs?

Question 22

Erikson: 2-3 yrs

Answer 22

Autonomy vs shame, development of sense of mastery over environment

Question 23

Erikson: 3-4 yrs

Answer 23

Initiative vs guilt, learning to interact with others

Question 24

Erikson: 4-12 yrs

Answer 24

Industry vs inferiority, sense of achievement and comparison

Question 25

Erikson: 12-18 yrs

Answer 25

Identity vs role confusion, who are you?

Question 26

Erikson: 18-25 yrs

Answer 26

Intimacy vs isolation, who can I turn to?

Question 27

Erikson: 25-50 yrs

Answer 27

Generativity vs stagnation, what can I create that is of value?

Question 28

Erikson: 60s +

Answer 28

Integrity vs despair, looking at life- was it worth it?

Question 29

Erikson's psychosocial model

Answer 29

Model of personality centre around how we develop a sense of self, who we are in relation to society. Self-view and world-view. Based on interactions with self and others.

Question 30

Cognitive unconscious

Answer 30

Information gets into memory subliminally and can prime associated memories. Not necessarily threatening or unacceptable: over learned skills too!

Question 31

Bargh et al. (2001) on unconscious priming

Answer 31

Those primed with ‘performance’ words vs neutral words (e.g., ranch, carpet, river) do better on subsequent word search puzzles

Question 32

Ego depletion

Answer 32

Leads to decreased self-control

Question 33

Oral stage (18 mos)

Answer 33

Erogenous zone is mouth, learning to delay gratification (develop ego). Success = trust, otherwise (in)dependent/develops fixation.

Question 34

Anal stage (18 mos - 3 yrs)

Answer 34

Erogenous zone is anus, learning to develop self-control (through toilet training). Success = mastery & self- control, otherwise anal-retentive, under-controlled, fixation.

Question 35

Phallic stage (4 - 6 yrs)

Answer 35

Erogenous zone is genitals, learning appropriate gender roles (identifying with same-gender parent). Success = masc/fem, otherwise fixation.

Question 36

Latency stage (6 - 12 years)

Answer 36

No erogenous zone, quiet period. Task is to transform drives through sublimation.

Question 37

Genital stage (Puberty)

Answer 37

Erogenous zone is genitals, learning how to attach libido to real and external objects. Learning to love others and contribute to society through meaningful work.

Question 38

Karen Horney

Answer 38

Criticism of notion of penis envy, women want power. People are not motivated by sex and aggression, rather need for security and love.

Question 39

Motivation model

Answer 39

Deficit-need-desire, leading to either satisfaction or fantasies

Question 40

Press

Answer 40

Needs do not operate by themselves and require a situation in order to emphasize them. This situation is called the "press".

Question 41

Alpha press

Answer 41

Objective situation

Question 42

Beta press

Answer 42

Perceived situation

Question 43

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 43

Person interprets ambiguous situation in way that reflects most pressing needs

Question 44

Three fundamental needs according to self-determination theory

Answer 44

Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness