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PSYC 2600 > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Environment of Evolutionary Adaptivenesss (EEA)

A

Environment wherein natural selection designed our ancestors to deal with challenges around 200, 000 years ago. Ergo, small hunter-gatherer societies.

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2
Q

Young men & aggression

A

Men in particular seem to have mechanisms for aggression: these are activated when certain cues are present in certain contexts. According to ev. psych, this functions to: restore status, gain access to mates, and deter poachers.

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3
Q

Environment of evolutionary adaptiveness (EEA)

A

Environment wherein our ancestors were designed to deal with challenges (eg; predators, natural disasters) 200, 000 years ago. Ergo, small hunter-gatherer societies.

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4
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System as an example of natural selection

A

Limbic system detects and interprets threatening stimuli, and then activates SNS. If the threshold is too low, then the individual is constantly anxious and may be too anxious to forage/hunt, consequently starving. If the threshold is too high, then only extreme threats are detected and the SNS only activates too late.

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5
Q

Sexual selection

A

Hostile forms of nature are not the only impetus for evolution; passing genes requires reproduction. Some heritable characteristics have selective mating benefits.

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6
Q

Intrasexual competition

A

Members of the same sex compete for mating access. Winners’ genes are passed on.

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7
Q

Sexual dimorphism hypothesis

A

When sex differs in Minimum Parental Investment (MPI), then one sex sires more offspring than another.

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8
Q

Intersexual selection

A

If members have a consensus on what is attractive (traits), then those with said trait with be preferably chosen.

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9
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random change in makeup of a population.

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10
Q

Founder effect

A

Small, unrepresentative population establishes a new colony

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11
Q

Genetic bottleneck

A

Population shrinks due to a catastrophe

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12
Q

3 products of evolution

A

Adaptations, byproducts, and noise

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13
Q

Adaptations

A

Exist due to natural/sexual selection allowing carriers to survive and reproduce. Beneficial.

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14
Q

By-products

A

Do not solve any problem or have functional design.

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15
Q

Noise

A

Random effects.

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16
Q

Limits of evolutionary approach

A

It’s impossible to go back in time to the EEA, we don’t know as much as we’d like to about the environment, and today’s environment is actually quite different.

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17
Q

Buss et al. (1999)

A

Men find partner having sex with other worse than women, who find partner having an emotional connection with other worse.

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18
Q

Id

A

Dark, inaccessible part of personality. Desires. Irrational, no sense of time.

19
Q

Ego

A

Negotiator, problem-solver. Rational, mediating between id and super-ego as well as env. affordances. For a healthy personality, ego must be strong and effective as a mediator.

20
Q

Supergo

A

Inhibitor, source of guilt and shame. Societal rules and expectations- what “not to do”.

21
Q

Erikson: First 18 mos

A

Trust vs mistrust, can I trust my caregivers to meet my needs?

22
Q

Erikson: 2-3 yrs

A

Autonomy vs shame, development of sense of mastery over environment

23
Q

Erikson: 3-4 yrs

A

Initiative vs guilt, learning to interact with others

24
Q

Erikson: 4-12 yrs

A

Industry vs inferiority, sense of achievement and comparison

25
Q

Erikson: 12-18 yrs

A

Identity vs role confusion, who are you?

26
Q

Erikson: 18-25 yrs

A

Intimacy vs isolation, who can I turn to?

27
Q

Erikson: 25-50 yrs

A

Generativity vs stagnation, what can I create that is of value?

28
Q

Erikson: 60s +

A

Integrity vs despair, looking at life- was it worth it?

29
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial model

A

Model of personality centre around how we develop a sense of self, who we are in relation to society. Self-view and world-view. Based on interactions with self and others.

30
Q

Cognitive unconscious

A

Information gets into memory subliminally and can prime associated memories. Not necessarily threatening or unacceptable: over learned skills too!

31
Q

Bargh et al. (2001) on unconscious priming

A

Those primed with ‘performance’ words vs neutral words (e.g., ranch, carpet, river) do better on subsequent word search puzzles

32
Q

Ego depletion

A

Leads to decreased self-control

33
Q

Oral stage (18 mos)

A

Erogenous zone is mouth, learning to delay gratification (develop ego). Success = trust, otherwise (in)dependent/develops fixation.

34
Q

Anal stage (18 mos - 3 yrs)

A

Erogenous zone is anus, learning to develop self-control (through toilet training). Success = mastery & self- control, otherwise anal-retentive, under-controlled, fixation.

35
Q

Phallic stage (4 - 6 yrs)

A

Erogenous zone is genitals, learning appropriate gender roles (identifying with same-gender parent). Success = masc/fem, otherwise fixation.

36
Q

Latency stage (6 - 12 years)

A

No erogenous zone, quiet period. Task is to transform drives through sublimation.

37
Q

Genital stage (Puberty)

A

Erogenous zone is genitals, learning how to attach libido to real and external objects. Learning to love others and contribute to society through meaningful work.

38
Q

Karen Horney

A

Criticism of notion of penis envy, women want power. People are not motivated by sex and aggression, rather need for security and love.

39
Q

Motivation model

A

Deficit-need-desire, leading to either satisfaction or fantasies

40
Q

Press

A

Needs do not operate by themselves and require a situation in order to emphasize them. This situation is called the “press”.

41
Q

Alpha press

A

Objective situation

42
Q

Beta press

A

Perceived situation

43
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Person interprets ambiguous situation in way that reflects most pressing needs

44
Q

Three fundamental needs according to self-determination theory

A

Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness

PSYC 2600 (3 decks)

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