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test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

in DNA, two polynucleotide stands are held together by ___ bonds.

A

hydrogen

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2
Q

what is the name of the enzyme we used in class?

A

EcoR1

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3
Q

what temperature is the human body temperature in Celisius and Fahrenheit?

A

37ºC or 98.6ºF

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4
Q

DNA is composed of

A

nucleotides

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5
Q

nucleotides on the same strand are linked together by what type of bonds?

A

phosphodiester

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6
Q

a DNA nucleotide includes what type of sugar?

A

deoxyribose

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7
Q

what is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)?

A

a common genetic change in the gene sequence that helps distinguish the differences in different humans DNA sequences

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8
Q

whats a DNA palindrome?

A

AATCGA
AGCTAA

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9
Q

what is the correct order of a ladder?

A

highest number to lowest

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10
Q

which band on a DNA fragment is the smallest?

A

the bottommost band

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11
Q

what is the relationship between DNA fragment length and rate of migration through a gel?

A

longer fragments = travel slower

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12
Q

what is the relationship between agarose concentration and rate of DNA migration through a gel?

A

higher agarose concentration = slower travel for DNA fragments

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13
Q

(true or false) : when looking at gel electrophoresis results, the brighter the band in a gel, the more DNA fragments there are.

A

true

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14
Q

(true or false) : by determining the amount of DNA in a sample, you are able to determine protein in the sample.

A

false

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15
Q

what is the best R^2 value to have?

A

1.0

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16
Q

whats a restriction endonuclease?

A

its a enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites (recognition sites)

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17
Q

recognition are generally

A

palindromes

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18
Q

what are the 3 restriction enzymes?

A

EcoRI, Bam I, and Hae III

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19
Q

whats RFLP stand for?

A

restriction fragment length polymorphisms

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20
Q

to visualize the progress of the DNA through the gel as it is running, we add a

A

loading dye

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21
Q

what does loading dye do?

A

weighs down the DNA sample so it falls to the bottom of the well instead of floating away

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22
Q

to visualize the bands in the gel, we add what to the gel?

A

ethidium bromide

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23
Q

what does ethidium bromide do?

A

intercalates (inserts itself between layers of bases) into the DNA and stains it

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24
Q

ethidium bromide is a

A

carcinogen

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25
Q

if a person has a SNP at a restriction enzyme recognition site

A

their DNA will not be cut

26
Q

what is a band?

A

a bright spot on the gel (indicates a DNA fragment is there)

27
Q

bands vary in brightness due to

A

how much DNA is there (size and number of fragments)

28
Q

whats a ladder (marker)?

A

commercially-prepared mix of DNA fragments of known sizes (in bp); can be used to ‘guesstimate’ the sizes of the other bands

29
Q

bp

A

base pair; number of nucleotide pairs present in the DNA fragment

30
Q

kb

A

kilobases; 1kb = 1000bp

31
Q

what is the log scale?

A

the space between the DNA ladder fragments

32
Q

state of DNA

A

linear vs. circular vs. supercoiled

33
Q

electrophoresis buffer

A

provides ions

34
Q

voltage applied

A

lower voltage = slower migration

35
Q

agarose type

A

size and density of matrix

36
Q

what does detergent do in cells?

A

reacts with cell membrane; destroys cell membrane; intracellular components are released

37
Q

what are histones?

A

a protein that the DNA wrap around so the whole fragment fits in the nucleus

38
Q

whats the ideal purity level for DNA?

A

1.8-2.0

39
Q

what purity level do nucleic acids absorb maximally at?

A

260 nm (nitrogenous bases)

40
Q

what purity level do proteins absorb at?

A

280 nm (tyrosine and tryotiohan)

41
Q

independent variable?

A

x-axis; the variable the experimenter manipulates or changes

42
Q

dependent variable?

A

y-axis; the variable that is being tested and measured in the experiment (what is observed and recorded)

43
Q

what is the optimum resolution?

A

the area of the graph that there is a big change

44
Q

what does the R^2 value measure?

A

the goodness of fit of the date trendline

45
Q

blunt ends?

A

when a bond is broken on the same site on both strands

46
Q

sticky ends?

A

when the bond is broken and leaves staggered positions

47
Q

what temperature do restriction enzymes work best at?

A

37ºC

48
Q

the longer an incubation time the…

A

the higher cutting efficiency

49
Q

what is DNA gel electrophoresis?

A

a technique used to separate DNA fragments by size

50
Q

changing the buffer changes the…

A

migration of the DNA

51
Q

using purified water instead of a buffer would result in…

A

no DNA migration

52
Q

what is the voltage kept at to prevent the gel from heating up?

A

110V

53
Q

what is a comb used for?

A

it is inserted into the gel to create depressions or wells

54
Q

what is a well?

A

the holes that DNA is loaded into

55
Q

what is a lane?

A

the vertical strip of gel below a well

56
Q

the brightness of the band tells you?

A

the number of fragments at that specific location (the more pieces of DNA the brighter the band)

57
Q

ethidium bromide absorbs UV light and emits…

A

orange light

58
Q

what ladder do we use and what are it’s increments?

A

1kb - 10,000, 8,000, 6,000, 5,000, 4,000, 3,000, 2,000, 1,500, 1,000, and 500

59
Q

1 kilobase (kb) =

A

1,000 base pairs (bp)

60
Q

the longer the gel is run…

A

the farther the DNA fragments in the ladder will migrate

61
Q

what is the reference band?

A

its at 3,000bp; it contains twice as many DNA fragments as the other bands so its twice as bright

bio lab (2 decks)

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