TEST 2 Flashcards
The U.S. government defined a ________ _________ of a child as one which involves difficulty in understanding or using spoken or written language, and the difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, and spelling.
learning disability
T/F? About three times as many girls as boys are classified as having a learning disability.
True false question.
False (Boys are actually three times as likely)
T/F? Children with learning disabilities can lead normal lives.
True
Children with dyslexia have ______
difficulty with phonological skills.
Children of ADHD display which of the following; cent-ration, extraversion, hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity.
hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity.
T/F? Children with learning disabilities may have difficulty doing mathematics.
true.
T/F? Children with learning disabilities may have difficulty doing mathematics.
true.
Identify the reasons for the greater occurrence of learning disabilities in boys when compared with girls.
biological vulnerability and referral bias.
The most distinctive feature of intellectual disability is inadequate:
intellectual functioning
Children with a learning disability are more likely to show:
poor academic performance
A severe impairment in the ability to read and spell is called:
dyslexia.
For attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, the onset of ADHD-specific characteristics should occur early in Blank______ and the characteristics must be debilitating.
childhood
Identify a true statement about orthopedic impairments
They can be caused by perinatal problems.
For the diagnosis of intellectual disability in an individual, low IQ and low adaptiveness should be evident in:
childhood.
Children with normal vision have a visual acuity of Blank______ on the Snellen scale.
20/20
Identify the type of intellectual disability where a child’s IQ is in the range of 55 and 70.
mild
impairments involve restricted movements or lack of control over movement due to muscle, bone, or joint problems.
orthopaedic
Which of the following is true about articulation disorders?
Articulation problems can make communication with peers difficult.
Children with low vision have a visual acuity between:
20/70 and 20/200.
Speech that is hoarse, harsh, too loud, too high-pitched, or too low-pitched reflects a(n)
voice disorder
________ -_________refer to problems in pronouncing sounds correctly.
articulation disorders
_________ refers to a child’s speech that exhibits spasmodic hesitation, prolongation, or repetition.
stuttering
Children with Blank______ often have a voice disorder that makes their speech difficult to understand.
cleft palate
Which of the following are true of children with autistic disorder?
They show abnormalities in communication.
They show repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior.
______ primarily include serious, persistent problems involving relationships, aggression, depression, fears associated with personal or school matters, and other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics.
Emotional and behavioral disorders
stuttering is caused by a
fluency disorder
Speech that is hoarse, harsh, too loud, too high-pitched, or too low-pitched reflects a(n)
voice disorder
autistic disorder
is a severe developmental autism spectrum disorder that has its onset in the first 3 years of life.
Which of the following has been used to describe children with emotional and behavioral disorders?
maladjusted children
The Public Law 94-142 refers to the:
Education for All Handicapped Children Act.
In 1990, the Public Law 94-142 was recast as the:
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that students with disabilities have a(n) (IEP), a written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored for the student with a disability.
individualized education plan
Identify a true statement about children with depression.
Their ability to learn is significantly compromised.
Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), the child with a disability must be educated in the
_____ -______. - ______
(LRE), a setting as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.
least restrictive environment
Which of the following are true of children with autistic disorder?
They show abnormalities in communication.
They show repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior.
The Blank______ covers services that include evaluation and eligibility determination, appropriate education and an individualized education plan (IEP), and education in the least restrictive environment.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Which of the following is true about the individualized education plan (IEP) included in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act?
It should be related to a child’s learning capacity.
Which of the following terms indicates the education of a child with special educational needs in a regular classroom on a full-time basis?
inclusion
______ includes various types of hardware and software combined with innovative teaching methods to accommodate students’ learning needs in the classroom.
Instructional technology
Identify the five dimensions of giftedness described by the U.S. government.
academic
visual and performing arts
intellectual
creative
leadership
Identify the true statements about the role nature and nurture play in giftedness.
Giftedness is likely to be a product of both heredity and environment.
Deliberate practice is an important characteristic of individuals who become experts in a particular domain.
Instructional technology methods to improve the education of students with disabilities include the use of:
software, Web sites, and apps for mobile devices.
______ is a variation of acceleration in which teachers skip over aspects of the curriculum that they believe children who are gifted do not need.
Curriculum compacting
True or false: Researchers have found that children who are gifted process information more rapidly, use better strategies, and monitor their understanding better than their nongifted counterparts.
true
Which of the following are true of domain-specific giftedness?
The domain in which individuals are gifted usually emerges during childhood.
Individuals gifted in one domain are typically not gifted in other domains.
Which of the following are true of children who are gifted?
They have superior talent in music or art.
They have above-average intelligence.
Which of the following are program options put forward by Hertzog for children who are gifted?
special classes
community-service programs
mentor programs
Not everything that a person knows is learned.
True
Behaviorists view behavior as:
everything that one does that can be directly seen or heard.
Classical conditioning is the brainchild of:
Ivan Pavlov.
Ben likes his science teacher, Ms. Nancy, very much and therefore enjoys his science classes. When Ms. Nancy begins to teach math, Ben starts to enjoy his math classes as well. In the context of Pavlov’s classical conditioning, this is an example of:
generalization
Maria gets bitten by a beagle in her neighborhood. Now she gets scared every time she sees a dog in her neighborhood but she still enjoys petting her own poodle. In classical conditioning, this phenomenon is called:
discrimination
learning
is defined as a relatively permanent influence on behavior, knowledge, and thinking skills, which comes about through experience.
is the view that behavior should be explained by observable experiences, not by mental processes.
behaviourism
Classical Conditioning
is a type of learning in which an organism learns to connect, or associate, stimuli so that a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
Operant Conditioning
is a form of learning in which the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability that the behavior will occur.
Mandy does not like eating fish but they enjoy eating shrimp.
discrimination
Generalization in operant conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus to produce a similar response.
false
Which of the following examples represents a discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning?
A student chooses a brown soda instead of an orange one because they love the cola flavor.
Operant conditioning is at the heart of the behavioral view of:
B.F Skinner
Applied behaviour analysis
involves applying the principles of operant conditioning to change human behaviour.
Maria gets bitten by a beagle in her neighborhood. Now she gets scared every time she sees a dog in her neighborhood but she still enjoys petting her own poodle. In classical conditioning, this phenomenon is called:
discrimination.
True or false: Material rewards such as candy, stars, and money are generally recommended over natural reinforcers such as praise and privileges.
False: Natural reinforcers such as praise and privileges are generally recommended over material rewards such as candy, stars, and money.
In operant conditioning, giving the same response to similar stimuli is known as
generalization.
Behaviourism; is the view that behaviour should be explained by observable experiences, not by mental processes.
Identify a true statement about continuous reinforcement.
It causes rapid extinction to occur when it stops.
On a fixed-ratio schedule, reinforcement of behavior takes place:
after a set number of responses
The (blank) principle states that a high-probability activity can serve as a reinforcer for a low-probability activity.
premack
B. F. Skinner developed the Blank______ that involves reinforcing a response only part of the time.
concept of schedules of reinforcement
On a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement, a response is reinforced after a(n):
unpredictable number of responses.
On a Blank______ schedule, a response is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
variable interval
Which of the following are false of the effect of using different schedules of reinforcement with children?
Children on variable-interval schedules show the most persistence and quick response extinction.
Fixed schedules produce slow, steady responding because children are not sure of when the reward will come.
The conscious repetition of information over time to increase the length of time it stays in memory is known as:
rehearsal.
The attention of preschoolers is influenced more by:
external stimuli.
The __________ ___________ ____________ is a cognitive approach where people manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.
Information Processing Approach
T/F: memory anchors the self in continuity
true.
Identify the mechanisms that work together to create changes in children’s cognitive skills according to Robert Siegler.
encoding, automaticity, strategy construction.
Rehearsal works best when an individual:
needs to remember a list of items for a short period of time.
True or false: After the age of 6 or 7, children pay more attention to features relevant to performing a task instead of being controlled by the most striking stimuli.
True.
True or false: According to the information-processing approach, children experience a gradually decreasing capacity for processing information.
False
Memory that holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant is known as:
sensory memory.
Compared to sensory memory, short-term memory:
is relatively longer in duration.
British psychologist Alan Baddeley proposed that the Blank______ is a three-part system that temporarily holds information as people perform tasks.
working memory
T/F: It often takes only a moment to retrieve information from one’s long-term memory.
true
T/F
Sensory memory for visual images lasts only for about one-fourth of a second.
Sensory memory for sounds lasts for several seconds like a brief echo.
True
_________ -_________ __________is a limited capacity memory system in which information is retained at least 30 seconds unless it is rehearsed or otherwise processed further, in which case it can be retained longer.
short-term memory
T/F Working memory helps individuals make decisions and solve problems.
true.
Which of the following makes use of an individual’s declarative memory?
describing a principle of math
________–_______ _________is a type of memory that holds enormous amounts of information for a long period of time in a relatively permanent fashion.
long-term memory
According to the ________-_________ __________ proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin, memory involves a sequence of three memory systems.
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
_________ ___________ is nondeclarative knowledge in the form of skills and cognitive operations?
procedural memory
The retention of information about the where and when of life’s happenings is known as:
episodic memory
The long-term memory subtype of Blank______ is the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events.
declarative memory
knowledge about famous people and important places
knowledge about meaningful words, are examples of
semantic memory
______ theories describes how information in memory is organized and connected?
network theories
It cannot be consciously recollected in the form of specific events or facts. Is the definition of
non-declarative memory
______ states that when an individual reconstructs information, he or she fits it into information that already exists in the mind.
A schema theory
Using serial Position effect recall is better…..
at the beginning and the end of a list than for items in the middle.
memory of first day of school is an example of:
episodic memory
A student’s general knowledge about the world is called:
semantic memory
Network theories emphasize Blank______ in the memory network that stand for labels or concepts.
Nodes
As\ ___________ is information—concepts, knowledge, information about events—that already exists in a person’s mind.
schema
Expert teachers know the difficulties students are likely to encounter. Therefore they encourage the use of _________
Chunking.
______ occurs when students consciously adapt and manage their thinking strategies during problem-solving and purposeful thinking.
Metacognitive activity
_____ states that when an individual reconstructs information, he or she fits it into information that already exists in the mind.
a schema theory
Preschool children have inflated opinions about their memory abilities.t/f
true
metacognition
motivation
content knowledge
are emphasized by ______ ________-___________ model
Good Information-Processing model
______ includes ideas about common difficulties that students have as they try to learn a subject area, typical paths students must take to understand the area, and strategies for overcoming the difficulties they experience.
Pedagogical Content Knowledge
______ includes ideas about common difficulties that students have as they try to learn a subject area, typical paths students must take to understand the area, and strategies for overcoming the difficulties they experience.
practice
A student’s general knowledge about the world is called:
semantic memory
______ involves monitoring and reflecting on one’s current or recent thoughts.
Metacognitive knowledge
Children better appreciate the importance of cueing for memory by:
7 or 8 years of age.
The Blank______, developed by Michael Pressley and his colleagues, emphasizes that competent cognition results from a number of interacting factors.
Good Information-Processing model
Which type of memory is required for students to store and execute strategies efficiently?
long-term memory
Which of the following types of memory is required for students to store and execute strategies efficiently?
long term memory
“blank” group objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties.
Concepts
Define a concept
Clarify terms in the definition of a concept.
Give examples to illustrate the key features of a concept.
Provide additional examples related to a concept.
What is this called
rule example strategy in concept formation.
Which of the following methods is used to determine what a concept is and is not?
hypothesis testing
True or false: People think to conceptualize, reason, critique, decide, create, and solve problems.
True
True or false: Concepts make the most trivial problems difficult to formulate.
F
True or false: As part of defining a concept in the rule-example strategy, the concept should be linked to a superordinate concept.
T
Reasoning from the specific to the general is:
inductive reasoning.
______ are specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy.
hypotheses
_________ involves manipulating and transforming information in memory, which often is done to form concepts, reason, think critically, make decisions, think creatively, and solve problems.
Thinking
An umbrella-like concept that encompasses a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal cortex and that involves managing one’s thoughts to engage in goal-directed behaviour and exercise self-control is known as ____________- __________-
executive function
__________ means being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life’s everyday activities and tasks.
mindfulness
An important aspect of inductive reasoning is:
repeated observation
______ is an important strategy for building critical thinking into teaching.
asking good questions
Identify a cognitive change that occurs during adolescence.
an increased ability to construct new combinations of knowledge
Which of the following is an example of a semantic organization tool?
databases
In the context of Jonassen’s categories of mindtools, Blank______ tools help students explore connections between concepts.
dynamic modeling
______ involves thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence.
Critical thinking
In order to foster critical thinking, teachers should encourage children to:
evaluate and question.
_________ __________ is thinking that involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them.
decision making
True or false: For those adolescents who lack fundamental skills, potential gains in adolescent thinking are likely.
F: If a solid basis of fundamental skills (such as literacy and math skills) is not developed during childhood, critical-thinking skills are unlikely to mature in adolescence. For those adolescents who lack fundamental skills, potential gains in adolescent thinking are not likely.
In the context of the categories of mind tools, Blank______ tools help students consolidate, analyze, and visualize the information they are studying.
semantic organization
______ are dynamic modeling tools that simulate real-world phenomena.
microworlds
In decision making, Blank______ is the tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them.
confirmation bias
How does mindfulness help critical thinking?
It helps students to be open to new information.
______ is the tendency to hold on to a belief in the face of contradictory evidence.
Belief perseverance
True or false: In decision making, people use clear-cut rules to draw conclusions.
F: In decision making, the rules are seldom clear-cut. It is in deductive reasoning that people use clear-cut rules to draw conclusions.
People with overconfidence bias tend to base their confidence on:
past experiences.
People with Blank______ falsely report, after a fact, that they accurately predicted an event.
hindsight bias
Belief perseverance is most closely related to:
confirmation bias.
_________ is the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems.
creativity
