Test 2 Flashcards
the difference between actual development level as determined by individual problem solving and potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or with more capable peers; learning where you want to be versus where you’re from
Zone of proximal development
Who felt that a lot of our education is self-driven and teaching becomes a lot more interactive?
Pediat
Living up to what is expected by people close to you or what people generally expect of people in your role; being good is important
Stage 3: interpersonal accord and conformity
typically young children; the consequences determine the morality
pre-conventional
sex is synonymous with love
romantic script
from ages 12 to adulthood; begin to think about abstract concepts; ideas and emotions and their significance; not everyone reaches this stage
Stage 4: Formal Operations
birth to 1 year old; babies learn to trust or mistrust other based upon whether or not their needs are met
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
3 to 5 years old; preschoolers are challenged to control their own behavior
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
older children, adolescents, and most adults; conformity to social norms is right, nonconformity is wrong
conventional
Early adolescence; more abstract though; conformity to religious beliefs of others
Stage 3: Synthetic-Conventional
When things are so similar that we take things without processing
Assimilation
Mixed feelings about environment and uncertain of mother’s support and concern
ambivalent
thinking about all possible outcomes of a problem and then figuring out which ones work in the real world
Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning
play a role, but not well understood
hormones
Somewhat willing to explore, but pay little or no attention to primary caregiver
avoidant
degree with which people interact with others promote health
social networks
You probably aren’t afraid to retaliate, as long as someone doesn’t have power over you. Lawrence would say that if nobody controlled you, you would do everything you were once told NOT to do. Your morality is purely based on external consequences. But don’t worry, with dedication and help from others, you will quickly move out of this stage.
Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation
working a step by step fashion to reach their goals; learning to do a job or task; at school, can work and get along with others; can develop inferiority and inadequacy
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
recognizing that just because physical characteristics of an object have changed, the object has not changed
conservation
Requirement for some material essential for survival of the organism
Need
a. Emotional expression can involve the entire body. b. The seven universal facial expressions. c. Display Rules: learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social setting.
Emotional Expression
without morals; total and complete indifference
amoral
you get what you want when you cry; if I do this, somebody is going to do that
reflexive schemes
Positive response–learn that people are trustworthy Negative response–mistrust and believe that the world and people who have influence are not trustworthy
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
1 to 3 years old; toddlers realize they can direct their own behavior
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Middle to late childhood; more logical, concrete though; working to separate reality from fantasy; interested in life application
Stage 2: Mythic-Literal
Psychological structures which are the individual’s organized way of making sense of experience
Schemes
Not because sex is bad, but because it is very powerful; Creates a bond that is physical, emotional, and spiritual; Outside of marriage, this bond can damage and even destroy relationships—;Can affect a person’s ability to form new relationships that are healthy and sound
Sexual Purity
Having a hard time seeing other’s points of view, lack of empathy; understanding how people feel
egocentrism
This child quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts to new experiences.
The Easy Child (40%)
○ Realize “success” doesn’t bring happiness ○ Take control of your time ○ Act happy ○ See work and leisure activities that engage your skills ○ Join the “movement” movement ○ Get enough sleep ○ Give priority to close relationships ○ Focus beyond the self ○ Keep a gratitude journal ○ Nurture your spiritual self
Becoming Happy-Myers Keys to Happiness
recognize physical objects remain the same even when their outward characteristics have changed
conservation
What a person does to answer the basic existential questions of life: why am I here, what is the meaning of life, does my life have meaning, and what happens when I die?
defining religion
The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state
Homeostasis
Ease with which the child adapts to changes in the environment. Although some infants withdraw when faced with a new experience, they quickly adapt, accepting the new food or person on the next occasion. Others continue to fuss and cry over an extended period of time.
adaptability
What are Erikson’s 8 stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and ego integrity vs. despair
Not many people (out in the real world) will fall into this stage at all, for it is quite rare to be this selfless. You’re right up there with Ghandi and Martin Luther King, Jr. You would break the law not only because you could, but because you envision a world wehre that law isn’t in effect. According to Kohlberg, you don’t have much, if any concern, for yourself. It’s all about other people. You think that if everyone were like you, the world would be more harmonious and peaceful. Which might be true, however, try not to lose sight of your inner self. Complete loss of identity could/will occur.
Stage 6: universal ethical principles
zone of proximal development and scaffolding
Central Concepts of Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Solve problems without even thinking about it regardless of experience
propositional thought
Following self-chosen ethical principles; particular laws or social agreements are usually valid because they rest on such principles; when laws violate these principles, one acts in accordance with the principle; principles are universal principles of justice; the equality of human rights and respect for the dignity of human beings as individual persons; the reason for doing right is the belief, as a rational person, in the validity of universal moral principles and a sense of personal commitment to them.
Stage 6: universal ethical principles
corresponds to phallic stage
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
beginnings of goal directed behavior; realize have impact on environment and can achieve goals
secondary circular reaction
The social and psychological aspects of being masculine or feminine.
gender
believed that learning preceded development and that social interaction was central to learning
Vygotsky Theory
the willful difference to morals
immoral
From ages 7 to 12; children become capable of conservation and develop strong, rational thought processes; can’t deal well with abstract concepts, like the concept of love; doesn’t understand the emotional bond
Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage
Intensity of stimulation required to evoke a response. Some babies startle at the slightest change in sound or lighting. Others take little notice of those changes in stimulation.
threshold of responsiveness
A person’s identification with being male or female.
gender identity
Corresponds to anal stage
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
involves the religious motives that lie within the person–“My whole approach to life is based upon my faith”
intrinsic religious orientation
this is where people may misbehave, start to let them experience some failures; allows them to direct their own behavior and independent, but if you aren’t careful, you can let your kids feel unsuccessful
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
religious behavior is rewarded, punished, or imitated
behavioral model
Damage to area can cause odd sexual behavior or fetishes
temporal loves
Following rules only when it is to someone’s immediate personal interest; acting to meet one’s own interests and letting others do the same; right is an equal exchange, a good deal
Stage 2: instrumental purpose and exchange
the feeling aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the feeling to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings
emotion
Middle adulthood; becoming more open to paradox and opposing viewpoints; stems from awareness of one’s finiteness and limitations
Stage 5: Conjunctive
This child is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly when faced with new experiences.
The Slow-To-Warm-Up Child (15%)
Middle and late adulthood; transcending belief systems to achieve a sense of oneness with all being and a commitment to breaking down barriers
Stage 6: Universalizing
religiosity resides within the unconscious mind; instinctual needs like safety and security are met by relating to a higher power
psychoanalytic model
corresponds to genital stage
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
The difficulty of tasks determines the optimal level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law
moral stage 3: good person; moral stage 4: “Law and Order
conventional
What becomes like individual strand that are woven together?
Thoughts
sex is accepted only within marriage
traditional religious script
Men have more power and prestige than women in world culture; language; women get paid 65% of a men’s wages in the U.S.; women are underrepresented in prestigious jobs
male dominence
early adulthood; the challenge is to be able to share who you are with another person in a close, committed relationship
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
People have an optimal level of tension that they are seeking to maintain/achieve
Arousal Theory
think through steps of a problem and can go back to starting point; ex. starting with a solution and figuring out the question
reversibility
major developmental milestone: conservation
Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage
from the behaviorists perspective of B.F. Skinner; incentives motivates: positive or negative stimuli or events that motivate behavior and external rather than internal
behavioral influences of motivation
What are the 3 biological factors that affect sexuality?
hypothalamus, temporal lobes, and hormones
Late adolescence to early adulthood; for the first time individuals are capable of taking full responsibility for their religious beliefs; in depth exploration of one’s values and religious beliefs
Stage 4: Individuating-Reflective
Needs lead to psychological tension and physical arousal that motivates the organism to act to fulfill the need and reduce the tension. The organism seeks to maintain a state of homeostasis.
Drive-Reduction Theory
Early childhood; my reality is everyone’s reality; identify with stories and myth–use them to understand reality; fantasy and reality are the same
Stage 1: Intuitive/Projected
Social learning and cognitive development are combined to help individuals develop gender roles.
gender schema theory
Erikson uses Freud’s act of feeding and ties it to mom and dad; the source and interaction of the caregiver; corresponds to Freud’s Oral Stage
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
Personalities that reflect male and female characteristics.
androgyny
What are the 4 stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operations
from the psychoanalytic perspective; instincts motivate: innate, biological patter of behavior assumed to be universal within a species and it is the approach used by evolutionists
biological influences of motivation
Degree to which stimulation from the environment alters behavior. Some hungry babies stop crying temporarily if offered a pacifier or a toy to play with. Others continue to cry until fed.
distractibility
fewer _____ problems with people who are religious in nature; have a sense of comfort and hope and reduced stress/depression
health
from birth to age 2; infants use their sense and motor skills to learn about the world around them; has 6 substages;
Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stage
beliefs, values, and ethics can add to
morals
Infancy; pre-stage: largely inaccessible to empirical research; pre-language; and born almost entirely dependent upon caregivers
Stage 0: Undifferentiated Faith
Response to a new object or person. Some babies accept new foods and strangers readily. Others pull back on cry on first exposure.
approach/withdrawal
learning to express their own desires; teaching them to navigate the emotional pieces and help them moderate; sense of responsibility and developing their own freedom of choice
Stage 3 Initiative vs. Guilt
5 to 12 years old; children are strongly focused upon learning new skills and obtaining new knowledge
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
always believed that you can grow and change; believed that social tension and pressure drove us
Erikson
ability to organize or arrange items based on a hierarchy of classes and subclasses
classification
the process by which activities are started, directed or continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met
motivation
adolescents are faced with who or what they want to be in terms of occupations, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior patterns
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Major developmental milestone: symbolic thought
Stage 2: The Preoperational Stage
How do we develop schemes?
through adaptation and assimilation
the emotional bond that forms between infant and a primary caregiver
attachment
Being aware that people hold a variety of values and opinions that most values and rules are relative to your group but should usually be upheld because they are the social contract; some nonrelative values and rights like life and liberty, however, must be upheld in any society regardless of the majority opinion
Stage 5: social contract, utility, individual rights
generally accepted expectations for how people should behave sexually
sexual transcript
involves the question of why people: behave, think, and feel the way they do
motivation
not as rigid age wise because some develop earlier, later, or never; we can learn anything if not exposed; probably not true
criticisms
What are the 9 dimensions of temperament?
activity level, rhythmicity, distractibility, approach/withdrawal, adaptability, attention span and persistence, intensity of reaction, threshold of responsiveness, quality of mood
Intensity of energy level of response. Some infants laugh and cry loudly, while others react only mildly.
intensity of reaction
What are the 4 approaches to religion?
behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanistic, and sociocultural models
The biological traits that separate the male members of a species from the female members of a species.
sex
Major developmental milestone: abstract thinking
Stage 4: Formal Operations
Involves the myth of the golden years; succeeded generativity and have helped others
Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
accidentally doing something and like the result
primary circular reaction
Culture’s expectations of a person who is perceived as male or female.
gender roles
This theory describes you as a pretty selfless person (as opposed to selfish). You might say or think “obey the law for the good of the society.” You are concerned with the direction society is heading. You will go against your beliefs in order to cater to another person’s needs. If you’re of voting age, and in this stage, you will most likely vote for a person because of what they’ll be able to do for your immediate community/society, even if their views differ from yours. This is one of the most healthiest stages to be at in Moral Development. Selflessness (according to this psychological theory) is the ticket for life. But you’re not at the top, which would be detrimental. You won’t ever lose sight of your own need, and by helping others, you will ultimately benefit your own needs under the surface. Giving really IS better than receiving, right?
Stage 5: social contract, utility, individual rights
putting thoughts together
tertiary circular reaction
What are Fowler’s 7 stages of faith development?
undifferentiated faith; intuitive/projected; mythic-literal; synthetic-conventional; individuating-reflective; conjunctive; and universalizing
This means that you care a LOT about laws, and almost let your life be ruled by following the laws. You have a decent amount of fear that if certain laws were to be taken away, then chaos would ensue. You can differentiate between what’s wrong and right and obey because you think it’s RIGHT. You internalize this and don’t have to be disciplined much. You think more about what others SHOULD do rather than what YOU should do. This stage is alright, but keep tis in mind: Laws are ever-changing. Laws are purely contextual to the cultural state of the nation they exist in. Do you really want to live your life by the law.
Stage 4: social accord and system maintenance
Amount of time devoted to an activity. Some babies watch a mobile play with a toy for a long time, while others lose interest after a few minutes.
attention span and persistence
Stable individual difference in quality and intensity of emotional reaction
Temperament
corresponds to latency stage
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
moral stage 5: social contract; moral stage 6: “the universal ethical principles”
post-conventional or principled morality
Pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional (or principled morality)
Kohlberg’s 3 Levels of Morality
moral stage 1: punishment and obedience; moral stage 2: instrumental hendonistic
pre-conventional
The ideology that supports gender inequality and justifies male dominance.
sexism
Regularity of body functions. Some infants fall asleep, wake up, get hungry, and have bowel movements on a regular schedule, while others are much less predictable.
rhythmicity
Not only talking about dating and marriage, but also making friendships; the goal is sharing in a deep and intentional way
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Confidence in availability and empathy of caregiver that allows for developing confidence in exploring world and expanding knowledge
secure
Major Developmental Milestone: Object permanence–realize objects still exist even if you can’t see them
Stage 1: Sensorimotor stage
Human Sexual Response Cycle
odors released by animals that are powerful attractants
pheromones
You’ve probably developed enough of a sense of what entails a “good person” and a “bad person,” and you try to follow what the “good person” would do. You ignore the devil on your shoulder and go with the angel most of the time. If you do something bad, you punish yourself better than any outside source ever could. This is a good place to be, because you still worry about your own outcome, but you also have a concern for others. Whether or not you should lean towards one or the other will guide/hinder your moral development is up to you.
Stage 3: interpersonal accord and conformity
_____ has strong influence on sexual behavior and can effect performance anxiety.
cognitive perception
In layman’s terms, this means that you will behave, but only to maximize your OWN pleasure. “I’ll scratch your back if you scratch mine” is probably a phrase that’s in the forefront of your mind most of the time. You might use people for bribes and do it well, but at least you’re internalizing SOME of what’s given to you regarding what’s right and wrong. This is an okay way to live life, but you might have to have a revelation soon because living life solely like this will not get you many companions in life.
Stage 2: instrumental purpose and exchange
To avoid breaking rules backed by punishment, obedience for its own sake, avoiding physical damage to persons and property
Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation
What are the factors influencing gender?
neurological, prenatal hormonal exposure, cultural, and gender stereotypes
Amount of friendly, joyful behavior as opposed to unpleasant unfriendly behavior. Some babies smile and laugh frequently when playing and interacting with people. Others fuss and cry often.
quality of mood
Proportion of active periods to inactive ones. Some babies are always in motion. Others move about very little.
activity level
become better at it; can get the same reaction out of other items; more advanced thinking
coordination of secondary reactions
guided by an overall plan to arrange items in a series; picking which classification item to use
seriation
involves personal motives that lie outside the religion itself; using the religion for some nonreligious ends
extrinsic religious orientation
What are the 4 attachment styles?
secure, ambivalent, avoidant, and disorganized-disoriented
- affirm life; create new laws 2. obey laws; contracts; follow family, group rules 3. obtain personal rewards; avoid personal punishment
Kohlberg’s View of Morality Development
about 20 percent of adult population; moral principles determined by the person are used to determine right and wrong and may disagree with societal norms
post-conventional or principled morality
Explore, but only with fear and misgiving; often looking dazed and depressed. Uncertain whether or not to approach mother, might do so but often avoids eye contact.
disorganized-disoriented
Feel you are contributing to others (guide, mentor; support family–leaving a legacy behind with career and kids); start to think about generationalism: teaching things to future genrations; unsuccessfulness–seeking authoritarian and power just to have power
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
The impact on education making it very experimental
applications
individuals adopt a particular religious stance because of the experiences they have in the culture in which they live
sociocultural model
from ages 2 to 7; place where we get into representational or symbolic meaning; egocentrism seems to be held onto past age 7; conservation
Stage 2: The Preoperational Stage
A psychological tension and physical arousal that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need
Drive
Gender role development occurs through observation and imitation of models.
social learning theory
a. Emotion involve chemical changes in the body. b. Different emotions have different physiological effects. c. Brain hemisphere and emotion.
Physiology of Emotion
time where you will experience most charges physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually–most of who you become for the rest of your life; self-chosen values and vocational goals; unsuccessful–become confused and drawn into the crowd; unhappiness because you don’t know who you are
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
i. Begun with Betty Friedan’s book, The Feminine Mystique
ii. National Organization of Women (NOW) begun in 1966
iii. Defeat of ERA–1972
iv. Gains of women’s movement
v. Liabilities of women’s movement
modern feminism
getting to the next stage; picturing a reality they can’t see
mental representation of reality
Middle adulthood; the challenge is to be creative, productive, and nurturing of the next generation
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
(1) motivate, (2) simplify, (3) guide and direct, (4) convince, (5) reduce frustration and risk, (6) model or demonstrating
Scaffolding
This child is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely.
The Difficult Child (10%)
How does religion promote physical and mental health?
psychology of religion
□ Electrically stimulating this area increases sexual behavior □ Damage to area causes sexual inhibition
hypothalamus
What are the 3 resulting temperament types?
easy child, difficult child, slow-to-warm-up child
- Transcendence 2. Self-actualization 3. Aesthetic Needs 4. Need to Know & Understand 5. Esteem Needs 6. Belongingness & Love Needs 7. Safety Needs 8. Physiological Needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need
coordinate several features of a task rather than a dominant one
decentration
need for growth, purpose, and self-actualizaiton
humanistic model
Late adulthood; the issue is whether a person will reach wisdom, spiritual tranquility, a sense of wholeness, and acceptance of his/her life
Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
prevents risky behavior
lifestyle issues
What are the 6 substages of the sensorimotor stage?
reflexive schemes, primary circular reaction, secondary circular reaction, coordination of secondary reactions, tertiary circular reaction, and mental representation of reality
Fulfilling the actual duties to which you have agreed; laws are always to be upheld except in extreme cases where they conflict with other fixed social duties; right is also contributing to society, the group, or institution
Stage 4: social accord and system maintenance
What is a cultural factor that affects sexuality?
sexual transcript
