Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

intro to psych > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what are the 5 scientific senses?

A

vision, audition, olfaction, gustation, tactition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

vision (sight)

A

source: light waves stricking the eye
receptors: rods and cones in the retina
- rods: black & white
- cones: colour & fine detail
location: occipital lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

audition (hearing)

A

source: sound waves striking the outer ear
receptors: cochlear hair cells (cilia) in the inner ear
location: temporal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

tactition (touch)

A

source: pressure, temperature, pain
receptors: sensory receptors, mostly in the skin, which detect pressure, warmth, cold & pain (ex: nociceptors = pain)
location: somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

gustation (taste)

A

source: chemical molecules in the mouth
receptors: chemoreceptors (taste buds) for sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
location: frontal/temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

olfaction (smell)

A

source: chemical molecules breathed in through the nose
receptors: chemoreceptors at the top of nasal cavities
location: olfactory bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

kinesthesia (body position)

A

source: any change in position of body part, interacts with vision
receptors: kinesthetic sensors in joints, tendons & muscles
location: cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

vestibular sense (body movement)

A

source: movement of fluids in the inner ear caused by head & body movement
receptors: cilia in the ears’ semicircular canals and vestibular sacs
location: cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sensation

A

sensory receptor nerve endings detect stimuli, ie: receives information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

perception

A

how the brain organizes and interprets sensory messages; ie: interprets info and transforms it into meaningful objects and events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

transduction

A

when sensory receptor nerve endings detect stimuli, they convert them into neural impulses which are transmitted to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

main function of brain stem

A

automatic survival; oldest and innermost part of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

medulla

A

regulates hear rate, respiration, blood pressure, swallowing, coughing, blinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pons

A

relays info to the cerebellum and is responsible for movement, sleep/wake/dreaming, relaxation & breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

thalamus

A

control centre; directs/transmits sensory messages (except smell) to the cortex, responsible for learning & language; turns off during sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

controls arousal, filters and relays information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates voluntary movement, processes sensory info, non-verbal learning & memory, “tipsy”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

limbic system

A

“border” between new and old brain areas; primitive; emotions, motivation, memory, pleasure/reward centre; 4 F’s - feeding, fleeing, fighting & fucking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

amygdala

A

small neural clusters that enable aggression, fear & linked to emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates functions, drives, & maintenace of endocrine system via pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hippocampus

A

processes conscious, explicit memories of facts & events; forms & retrieves memories, sense of direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what part of the brain is enlarged for squirrels and taxi drivers?

A

hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cerebral cortex

A

involved in higher, complex thinking (learning/thinking/remembering/speaking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

frontal lobe

A

consciousness & higher functions (thinking, personality, emotions, memory, impulse control, planning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

homunculi

A

map of sensory areas within the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

broca’s area

A

language production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

expressive aphasia; understands speech but struggles to form complete sentences, aware

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

receptive aphasia; difficulty understanding speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

define synesthesia

A

joined sensation; ie when two sensations overlap, ex: tasting sounds or seeing music or hearing colours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

action potential

A

electrochemical impulse send down the axon of the neuron to transmit sensory information; can excite or inhibit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

neurons

A

building blocks of the nervous system; specialized cells which are long living & irreplaceable; transmit electrochemical impulses (action potential)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

cell body

A

nucleus, metabolic function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

dendrites

A

receive signals, 100s to 1000s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

axons

A

long, slender tail of axon with terminals that release neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

myelin sheath

A

white fatty coating around axon, responsible for insulation & speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

neuroglia (glial cells)

A

hold neurons in place, surround support nourish & protect, performs pruning, most of brain’s volume (more than half), insulates for efficient transmission, involved in chronic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

neuroplasticity

A

new connections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

neurogenesis

A

stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what occurs at the synpase?

A

axon fires action potential (all or nothing electrical impulse), neurotransmitters are released into the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

firing of the neuron steps

A

1) resting potential
2) action potential
3) refractory period
… and back to resting potential!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

parts of the synapse

A

axon terminal, synaptic vessicles, neurotransmitters, synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances, stored in synaptic vessicles in axon terminals and released into synapse, lock & key (distinct molecular shape)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

reuptake mechanism

A

basically, when “leftover” neurotransmitters are “reuptaked” by the axon terminal, recycled for the next release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

antidepressants

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

dopamine

A

influences movement, learning, attention, emotion
oversupply: schizophrenia
undersupply: Parkinson’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

serotonin

A

affects mood hunger sleep arousal
undersupply: depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

norepinephrine

A

controls alertness and arousal
undersupply: depresses mood (ex: when you’re angry and still feel angry after the feeling has passed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

endorphins

A

influence perception of pain/pleasure
oversupply: opiate drugs can suppress body’s natual endorphin supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

central nervous system

A

brain & spinal cord, protected by skull and spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

transmits information from periphery to CNS, two way system for transmit sensory and motor info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

sensory neurons

A

afferent, receive info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

motor neurons

A

efferent, instructions from CNS, motor info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

interneurons

A

carry information within CNS, communication between sensory and motor neuron

55
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary control of muscles in the body

56
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls basic life functions, unaware, regulates internal environment

57
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares body for action, mobilizes energy ressources, fight or flight

58
Q

parasympathetic nervous sytem

A

returns body to normal, conserves energy, quiet after emergency

59
Q

gray matter

A

made of cell bodies, fully developped in 20s, conducts, processes and sends info

60
Q

white matter

A

axon bundles, develops during 20s and peaks in middle age, interprets sensory info

61
Q

endocrine system

A

network of glands that produce and secrete hormones, travels through blood, slower than nervous system but lasts longer, maintains homeostasis

62
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland controlled by hypothalamus, tells glands to release hormones, controls metabolism, homeostasis, growth, sex hormones

63
Q

too much growth hormone

A

gigantism

64
Q

too little growth hormone

A

dwarfism

65
Q

thyroid gland

A

produces thyroxin, regulates metabolism and energy

66
Q

hypothyroidism

A

slow, lethargic, large

67
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

nervous, excitable, thin

68
Q

thymus

A

below breastbone, t-cells and lymphocytes (immune system)

69
Q

adrenal glands

A

fight or flight, secrete adrenaline and corticoids, release salt and some sex hormones

70
Q

pancreas

A

insulin & digestive enzymes

71
Q

sex glands or gonads

A

controlled by pituitary. reproduction & secondary sex characteristics

72
Q

subliminal stimuli

A

beyond the threshold of what we can sense and perceive (ex: x rays, radio waves, uv, infrared, high/low frequency sounds), differs among organisms

73
Q

difference threshold

A

slightest + or - in physical stimuli required to produce a difference

74
Q

just noticeable difference (JND)

A

difference detected 50% of the time

75
Q

weber’s law

A

stimuli must differ by constant minimum proportion or %

76
Q

signal detection theory

A

discriminating a stimulus from background noise

77
Q

sensory adaptation

A

less/not sensitive to unchanging stimulus, receptors diminish firing rate
beneficial: spare energy for cognitive ressources
downside: adapt to cues of potential danger

78
Q

sensory deprivation

A

extreme anxiety, bizarre thinking, hallucinations

79
Q

sensory overload

A

overwhelming, natural tendency to withdraw

80
Q

pupil

A

small opening in centre or irirs

81
Q

cornea

A

transparent covering that bends light rays into pupil

82
Q

iris

A

coloured, circular muscle that dilates/contracts to regulate entering light

83
Q

lens

A

disc that flattens to see distance & bulges for close images. refracts light onto retina

84
Q

presbyopia

A

what happens to the lens in old eyes, doesn’t flatten and bulge as well

85
Q

retina

A

light sensitive membrane containing photoreceptors (rods & cones)

86
Q

fovea

A

clearest vision, 30 000 cones

87
Q

rods & cones

A

transduce light waves via the optic nerve to occipital lobe

88
Q

dark adaptation gradual

A

rods adjust slowly

89
Q

light adaptation quick

A

cones adjust quickly

90
Q

myopia

A

nearsighted

91
Q

emmetropia

A

normal

92
Q

hyperopia

A

farsighted

93
Q

hue

A

colour

94
Q

saturation

A

purity

95
Q

brightness

A

intensity

96
Q

young-helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

three colour receptors, red green and blue

97
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many aspects simultaneously, brain integrates parts into a whole, damage to neural networks can impact ability to perceive motion, form, depth, colour

98
Q

feature detector neurons

A

instant analysis of stimuli, shape, angles, movement

99
Q

figure-ground

A

objects stand out from surroundings

100
Q

grouping

A

organize stimuli into meaningful groups

101
Q

perceptual constancy

A

size constancy, shape constancy, brightness constancy, colour constancy

102
Q

real motion

A

perception of moving when something else moves

103
Q

apparent motion

A

phi phenomenon, autokinetic illusion

104
Q

bottom-up processing

A

individual bits processed to make a whole, unfamilar

105
Q

top-processing

A

experience, knowledge & context influence perception, our perceptual set, familiar

106
Q

sounds require what?

A

a medium

107
Q

what do our ears detect?

A

pressure changes and parallel processing extracts essential features

108
Q

pitch

A

frequency of sound

109
Q

amplitude

A

loudness of sound

110
Q

timbre

A

distinctness of sound with same pitch/amplitude

111
Q

auditory canal

A

lined with cilia

112
Q

tympanic membrane

A

thin, flexible

113
Q

cochlea

A

fluid filled, coiled, snail shaped; stirrup creates vibrations on oval window, fluid in the cochlea moves in waves, thousands of receptors

114
Q

hair cells (cilia)

A

transduce message via auditory nerve to temporal lobe

115
Q

conduction deafness

A

middle ear deafness - mechanical issue

116
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

choclea, receptor cells, nerve damage

117
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

temperature, pressure, pain receptors, transduce via nerve endings on and under skin to somatosensory cortex

118
Q

chronic pain

A

persists after it serves any function

119
Q

gate control theory

A

pain signals transmitted/inhibited by spinal cord

120
Q

endorphins

A

block pain and produce feelings of well-being

121
Q

acupunture

A

stimulates release of endorphins

122
Q

brain can create/reduce pain

A

mirror neurons, phantom pain, placebo, hypnosis, attention, etc.

123
Q

controlling pain

A

distraction, counter-irritation, relaxation, positive thoughts

124
Q

papillae in non tasters

A

96

125
Q

papillaw in supertasters

A

425

126
Q

lifespan of tastebud

A

10 days

127
Q

sweet

A

energy source

128
Q

salty

A

sodium essential to physiological processes

129
Q

sour

A

potentially toxic acid

130
Q

bitter

A

potential poison

131
Q

umami

A

protein to grow and repair tissue

132
Q

asnomia

A

complete or partial loss of smell

133
Q

pheromones

A

emitted by animals, mark territory, signal sexual receptivity, sense predators

intro to psych (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions