test 1

Question 1

what is psychology? (ABCs)

Answer 1

the scientific study of affect, behaviour and cognition

Question 2

who is the founder of psychology?

Answer 2

wilhelm wundt

Question 3

what is structuralism & who pioneered it?

Answer 3

• 1850s - 1920s
• wilhelm wundt
• studied how the mind is structured

Question 4

what is functionalism & who pioneered it?

Answer 4

• 1860s - 1930s
• william james
• studied what the mind does
• mental processes are fluid, not rigid & fixed

Question 5

what is gestalt theory?

Answer 5

• late 1800s to mid 1900s
  “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”
• treating the person as a whole, not just the issue (the beginning of therapy as we know it today)
• perception is not necessarily reality

Question 6

what is behaviourism?

Answer 6

• late 1800s to 1900s
• pioneered the idea that if psychology is a science, it must be measurable and observable
• goal to predict and control (conditioning, ex: Pavlov’s dog)

Question 7

what is behaviour therapy?

Answer 7

analysis of conditioning, environment, patters of behaviour, reinforcement, and punishment

Question 8

what is psychoanalysis and who pioneered it?

Answer 8

• lates 1800s to early 1900s
• sigmund freud
• unconscious mind & childhood affect behaviour

Question 9

what is humanistic psychology & who pioneered it?

Answer 9

• 1960s
• carl rogers, maslow
• human potential, uniqueness, capacity for growth, choice
• free will, self-actualization, positive psychology
• person centered therapy, active listening, unconditional positive regard (rogers)

Question 10

what is cognitive psychology?

Answer 10

• 1960s
• language, memory, IQ
• thinking about the mind like a computer
• perceiving, interpreting, understanding
• information theory, applied psychology

Question 11

what is positive psychology & who pioneered it?

Answer 11

• seligman
• discover & promote strengths
• happiness is a by-product of a pleasant, engaged, meaningful life

Question 12

what psychology do we use today?

Answer 12

biopsychosocial approach

Question 13

define epigenetics

Answer 13

study of how behaviours and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

Question 14

personality

Answer 14

unique, stable pattern of characteristics

Question 15

freud’s personality theory

Answer 15

sex & aggression
- id, ego, superego
- conscious, preconscious, unconscious

Question 16

what are freud’s levels of personality?

Answer 16

1. conscious: accessible mind, aware (ego)
2. preconscious: still accessible, but unaware
3. unconscious: completely unaware, inaccessible (where the id resides)

Question 17

what are freud’s systems of personality

Answer 17

ego (you), id (devil), superego (angel)

Question 18

ego

Answer 18

what we present to the outside world, reality principle –> delay gratification until appropriate
- balances id and superego; logical & rational, decision maker

Question 19

id

Answer 19

pleasure principle (seek pleasure/avoid pain)
- immature, unconscious, impulsive
- source of libido; sex & aggression
- cannot act on its own

Question 20

superego

Answer 20

morality principle (rules of life, societal norms)
- influenced by parents & society
- develops around 5/6 yrs old
- conscience

Question 21

what are defense mechanisms & where do they come from?

Answer 21

occurs when the psyche is conflicted, and the ego cannot satisfy superego and id, causing anxiety. defense mechanisms distort reality to reduce anxiety.

Question 22

what are freud’s main defense mechanisms?

Answer 22

repression, denial, sublimation, rationalization, projection, displacement, reaction formation, regression

Question 23

repression

Answer 23

painful and traumatic thoughts are repressed from consciousness. unconscious & involuntary. usually occurs during early childhood.

Question 24

denial

Answer 24

protection from an unpleasant reality by refusing to believe or perceive something.

Question 25

sublimation

Answer 25

redirecting sexual or aggressive energy into something more socially acceptable (ex: redirecting sex drive into sports)

Question 26

rationalization

Answer 26

justifying unacceptable behaviour as acceptable

Question 27

projection

Answer 27

attributing unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or behaviours onto others (ex: accusing partner of cheating when you are the one cheating)

Question 28

displacement

Answer 28

redirecting impulses to less threatening or more accessible person/object (ex: bad day at work so you yell at your spouse)

Question 29

oral phase

Answer 29

0-2 years old
- orient lives around mouth (eating, smoking, drinking)
- overindulgence: gullibility, dependence, passivity
- underindulgence: aggressive, exploitative

Question 30

anal phase

Answer 30

2-3 years old
- success, accomplishment, competence, independence
- overindulgence: compulsively neat, controlling (anal-retentive)
- underindulgence: messy, disorganized (anal-expulsive)

Question 31

phallic phase

Answer 31

3-7 years old
- discovering genitals, anatomical differences
- oedipus/electra complex (castration anxiety/penis envy) –> identify with same sex parent (if not, hostility)

Question 32

latency phase

Answer 32

7-11 years old
- sexual dormancy
- sexual energy is sublimated into development of social skills and superego

Question 33

genital phase

Answer 33

11+
- sexual exploration
- resolution of stages
- autonomy from parent, finding partner