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BIO 202 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how are animals defined?

A

multicellular
heterotrophic
diploid
reproduce by oogamy

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2
Q

five key transitions of animal evolution

A

tissues
symmetry
body cavities
developmental patterns
segmentation

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3
Q

parazoa definition

A

lack defined tissues and organs
can aggregate / disaggregate

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4
Q

eumetazoa definition

A

distinct well-defined tissues
irreversible differentiation of cells
two distinct layers (ecto/endo)

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5
Q

tissue types of eumetazoan organisms

A

muscular
connective
neural
adipose
bone
blood

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6
Q

cephalization definition

A

area in which neural ganglion form
typically near other sensory organs

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7
Q

3 germ layers

A

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

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8
Q

what is a coelom?

A

a body cavity lined with mesoderm

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9
Q

what is an acoelom?

A

organism with no body cavities that is solid throughout

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10
Q

what is a pseudocoelom?

A

animal with a false coelom

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11
Q

characteristics of a protosome

A

spiral cell growth
blastophore becomes mouth

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12
Q

characteristics of deuterostomes

A

radial cell growth
blastophore becomes anus

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13
Q

K selection

A

producing few offspring and devoting a greater amount of resources to it.
ex - humans

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14
Q

r selection

A

producing many offspring and devoting fewer resources to their development.
ex - mosquitos

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15
Q

what is the earliest, most simple animal known?

A

trichoplax adaherens

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16
Q

Characteristics of porifera

A

no tissues, organs, or symmetry
hermaphroditic

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17
Q

example of porifera

A

sponges

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18
Q

skeleton of sponges are typically composed of

A

silica
calcium carbonate
protein (spongin)

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19
Q

what does a collar cell do?

A

brings water through pores of sponge by waiving flagella

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20
Q

what is the opening of the sponge called?

A

oscula

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21
Q

what is a chanocyte?

A

an example of a collar cell amongst the interior of a sponge that assists in propulsion

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22
Q

examples of organisms in Cnidaria

A

hydra
jellyfish
coral
sea anemones

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23
Q

Body forms of Cnidaria

A

polyp
medusa

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24
Q

what is a polyp?

A

a cylindrical organism that attaches to a substrate

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25
Q

what is a medusa?

A

free floating umbrella shaped organism

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26
Q

what is a cnidocyte?

A

cells on tentacles that initiate nematocysts to paralyze prey

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27
Q

what phylum are the class of hydrazoa in?

A

cnidarians

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28
Q

what makes the hydrazoa special?

A

have both polyp and medusa stages in their life cycle
marine
colonial

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29
Q

What phylum are the schyphozoa in? What makes them special? what is an example?

A

cnidaria
medusa stage is dominant (bell-shaped)
diecious
planulae (larval stages that form into polyps)

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30
Q

what are the cubozoa? what makes them special?

A

a class of box jellyfish in the cnidaria phylum
change from radial symmetry to bilateral
tentacles at the corner of each box
very predatory, increased sensory system

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31
Q

class example of a cubazoa?

A

sea wasp or irujandji
very small but very dangerous

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32
Q

what are anthozoa? why are they important? what phylum?

A

sea anemones and coral
solitary / colonial animals
planulae stage that forms polyps instead of medusa

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33
Q

Phylum Ctenophora?

A

comb jellies
modified bilateral symmetry
more complex nervous system
bioluminescent

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34
Q

two major groups of platyhelminthes?

A

free-living worms (turbellaria)
parasitic flatworms

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35
Q

what are the types of parasitic flatworms

A

trematodes - flukes
cestoda - tapeworms

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36
Q

what do flame cells do?

A

function in balancing water levels and excretion

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37
Q

what are turbellaria?

A

class of platyhelminthes
free-living flatworms

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38
Q

what are monogenea and trematoda?

A

flukes
monogenea - endo-parasites
trematoda - ectoparasites

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39
Q

what is a schistosome?
Where are they common?

A

a fluke that diecious with sexual repro
Lake Victoria

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40
Q

where are schistosomes prevalent?
what saves an infected person?

A

lake victoria
PZQ

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41
Q

What is a cestode?

A

class of platyhelminthes
tapeworm

42
Q

what are the three regions of a cestode body?

A

scolex - attachment organ
neck - unsegmented portion
proglottid - repetitive hermaphroditic units

43
Q

what are the pseudocoelomates?

A

nematodes
rotifers

44
Q

what is a pseudocoel? what is its purpose?

A

cavity between meso and endoderm
hydrostatic skeleton that changes pressure to allow organism to move

45
Q

nematode characteristics

A

bilateral symmetry
unsegmented
pseudocoelomate
complete digestive tract
many are parasitic
sexual reproduction
diecious & dimorphic
anus

46
Q

importance of flat vs roundworms

A

flat - SA to Vol ratio is high, organism can digest and excrete through its skin
round - complete digestive tract, more efficient

47
Q
A
48
Q

composition of nematode

A

digestive and reproductive tract

49
Q

what is a cuticle?

A

almost like an exoskeleton that surrounds roundworms to prevent drying out
molted and shed to allow for growth

50
Q

what is a stylet?

A

a puncturing device that nematodes use to penetrate its food source

51
Q

what is the importance of the pharynx in nematodes?

A

an organ structure that vacuums food from outside to inside

52
Q

what is the importance dracunculus medinesis

A

modern medical symbol (snake on cross) that was developed from pulling worms out of the body

53
Q

what is a corona

A

flagellated cells that spin and sweep food into the gut

54
Q

importance of rotifer phylum

A

greater complexity for their size
specialization of body regions
advanced neural system
complete digestive tract

55
Q

what does a ceolom allow for

A

body fluid repositioning
complex and larger tissues to develop
larger body size

56
Q

examples of mollusks

A

snails, slugs, clams, octopus

57
Q

what is a chiton?

A

primitive mollusk

58
Q

what determines the color of a pearl

A

color of water

59
Q

what is a visceral mass

A

where the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs are concentrated

60
Q

what is the mantle?

A

thick epidermis that covers the dorsal side of the body
forms a cavity that the visceral mass takes up

61
Q

what is the muscular foot ?

A

adaptation for locomotion, attachment, and / or food capture

62
Q

what is a radula?

A

file like strucutre that is used to scoop things from ground
first evidence of teeth like structures

63
Q

what are different about a snail’s gills

A

they are terrestrial, but surrounded by mucosal fluid

64
Q

what are nephridia?

A

special excretory structures that remove nitrogenous bases from processing protein

65
Q

how do cephalopods’ circulatory and nervous systems differ from other mollusks?

A

closed circulatory system
advance nervous / sensory systems

66
Q

what is the process of torsion?

A

when the mantle cavity moves from the posterior to anterior resulting in a twist of the gut

67
Q

how do crustaceans and bivalves differ?

A

crustaceans adopt shells whereas bivalves produce their own shell

68
Q

what is a siphon in a bivalve?

A

the tube that water is filtered through in a bivalve

69
Q

how many arms/tentacles do squids, octopus, and nautilus have?

A

10
8
80-90

70
Q

what is a chromatophore?

A

a cell that uses pigment to shift light in order to change color in moments of camouflage

71
Q

what is the biggest evolutionary step that can be witnessed in the annelids?

A

segmentation

72
Q

importance of segmentation?

A

fusion of segments that allows for cavity specialization
nerve cord can run through and connect each segment with the brain

73
Q

what are septa

A

divisions between segments

74
Q

what are setae

A

barbs that allow organisms to move through the environment by anchoring and pulling forward

75
Q

what are chaetae

A

chitin bristles that anchor the worms

76
Q

two classes of the annelids and their characteristics

A

polychaeta - aquatic, feathery looking
oligochaeta - terrestrial, earth worms / leeches

77
Q

what is a parapodia? what class of annelids are they associated with?

A

appendages that gather nutrients and food
polychaeta

78
Q

what is the clitellum?

A

ring on the body of annelid that secretes mucus that holds worms together during mating

79
Q

most dangerous animals on the planet

A

mosquito
tick

80
Q

4 Classes of arthropods

A

chelicerate
crustacean
hexapods
myriapoda

81
Q

what population of all species are arthropods?

A

two thirds

82
Q

what evolutionary steps were established by the arthropods

A

segmentation
exoskeleton
joint appendages

83
Q

what is tagmata

A

specialized segmentation (head, thorax, abdomen)

84
Q

what is the importance of an exoskeleton

A

protects against water loss
must go through ecdysis for organism to grow

85
Q

what is the exoskeleton made of

A

chitin - a glycoprotein

86
Q

what is the importance of jointed appendages?

A

increased range of motion
organism can hold onto things

87
Q

how does the circulatory system of arthropods differ?

A

muscles anchored to the exoskeleton that act as a secondary system when moved

88
Q

what is a spiracle

A

opening along the body that allows for gaseous respiration

89
Q

what are compound eyes? what are ommatidia?

A

independent visual units that attach to a common optic nerve to compile images that form vision

90
Q

tracheae

A

passage into the body that’s branches go through all tissue
muscle contraction allows for branches to exchange gas

91
Q

How is the body of a chelicerate designed? what are the characteristics of it?

A

2 tagmata
anterior (prosoma) have pedipalps and 4 pairs of walking legs
posterior contains reproductive organs

92
Q

how is the crustacean body designed?

A

three tagmata with one being the cephalothorax
two pair of antenna
three pairs of appendages for chewing

93
Q

How do crustaceans reproduce?

A

both internal and external fertilization
dioecious

94
Q

what is the order name for barnacles

A

Cirripedia

95
Q

hexapod body desingn

A

three tagmata
head
thorax with 3 segments, set of legs per segment
abdomen

96
Q

what do a mosquito, butterfly, and fly’s head design tell us?

A

all have compound eyes and a feeding part
mosquito - piercing instrument to draw blood
butterfly - sucking instrument to get nectar
fly - sopping instrument

97
Q

how is the gut designed in insects?

A

foregut, midgut, and hindgut

98
Q

what does a tympanum do for insects?

A

it is a thin membrane that detects sound and vibrations

99
Q

what is simple metamorphosis?

A

immature stages that are similar to adult, but are smaller

100
Q

what is complete metamorphosis?

A

larva are not similar looking to adult
includes a resting stage where the organism molts

101
Q

What are the two subclasses of myriapoda? what are examples of each?

A

chilopoda - centipedes
diplopoda - millipedes

102
Q

how do chilopoda differ from diplopoda?

A

chilo - one pair of appendages per segments (carniverous)
diplo - two pair of appendage per segment (herbivore_

BIO 202 (7 decks)

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