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BIO 202 > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How long ago did life first appear on Earth?

A

3.8 billion years ago

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2
Q

How long did Darwin wait after returning from his journey to publish his findings (On the Origin of Species?

A

23 years

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3
Q

One of the things that Darwin noticed about the natural world was that

A

organisms often produce an overabundance of offspring

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4
Q

What percentage best represents the amount of time that Homo sapiens have been present on Earth?

A

0.004%

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5
Q

Archaeopteryx was found within a limestone quarry in Bavaria as rectangles of limestone were split apart to make roofing tiles. Archaeopteryx is significant because it shows an evolutionary link between 2 groups of animals. What are the two groups?

A

Birds / Reptiles

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6
Q

how long ago did the earth form?

A

4.6 billion years

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7
Q

what percentage of species has become extinct?

A

99.9%
1 out of 1000 species survives

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8
Q

When did the first eukaryotic cells originate?

A

1.8 billion years ago

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9
Q

when did the Cambrian radiation occur? what era?

A

540 million years ago (paleozoic)

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10
Q

When did the dinosaurs appear? what era?

A

240 million years ago (Mesozoic)

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11
Q

when did the dinosaurs become extinct? what era?

A

65 million years ago (cenozoic)

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12
Q

when did homo sapiens evolve?

A

200,000 years ago

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13
Q

what percentage of time has life existed on Earth?

A

3.8 / 4.6 = 83%

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14
Q

For what percentage of time have eukaryotic cells existed on Earth?

A

1.8 / 4.6 bya = 39%

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15
Q

For about how many years of geological time have mammals existed on Earth?

A

220 mya / 4.6 bya = 5%

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16
Q

What type of animals did the Creodont skull that Dr. Gingrich discovered resemble?

A

wolf, walnut size bump at back of the skull was unusual

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17
Q

The Cambrian Explosion is thought to have occurred around 500 mya. What best describes the Cambrian Explosion?

A

a sudden appearance in the fossil record of many unique animal species

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18
Q

how was the fruit fly’s DNA mutated?

A

poison and radiation

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19
Q

how did humans differ from chimpanzees?
spinal column / pelvis / position of knees

A

the base of skull pointing downward
shorter pelvis
knees closer together

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20
Q

If the world’s history were compressed into one hour, what kind of life appeared during the first 50 minutes?
Last 10 minutes?
Last 0.01 seconds?

A

single celled organisms
animals
humans

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21
Q

What is whale valley and how would whale skeletons be found there?

A

Whale Valley is now the Sahara desert and it used to be the sea. Therefore whales once lived there.

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22
Q

what vestigial structure did basiolosaurus have that modern whales do not?

A

complete set of leg bones / 4 legged animal

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23
Q

how does the way that a fish swims differ from water mammals?

A

fish - spine side to side
mammals - spine up and down

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24
Q

what is a tetrapod?

A

4 limbed vertebrate

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25
Q

What advantage did the first limbs with digits provide?

A

ability to leave water without attracting predators

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26
Q

how does segmentation relate to DNA?

A

organization of genes in DNA that are responsible for a common trait amongst most animals (segmentation)

27
Q

When the mouse “eyeless” gene was implanted into fruit flies, what happened?

A

Fruit fly did have eyes

28
Q

how do chimpanzees walk in comparison to humans?

A

on knuckles / humans are bipedal

29
Q

3 physical traits mammals have in common that relate to living on land?

A

reproducing live offspring
warm blooded / fur
breathing air

30
Q

what is a transitional form?

A

intermediate states between ancestral forms and descendants

31
Q

how did wolves evolve into whales?

A

sinonyx lived and hunted around the sea, those that could swim survived, legs adapted to fins

32
Q

What caused the number of birds on Daphne Major (a Galapagos Island) to change (decrease then increase) over the time that the Grants have been studying them?

A

drought / changes in rainfall

33
Q

Human ancestors left the trees and started to live life on the ground. This change had a significant impact on the evolutionary trajectory of hominids. Other than walking upright, what change occurred?

A

The homonids were able to use their hands for other things than holding on to limbs.

34
Q

what is sickle cell anemia?

A

a genetic disease that is traced to a mutation in DNA that codes for hemoglobin
HbA (normal)
HbS (mutated)

35
Q

how does sickle cell anemia help fight malaria?

A

Being heterozygous (HbA/HbS) allows the body to recognize and dispose of affected sickled cells.

36
Q

how are malaria, precipitation, and HbS allele related?

A

greater precipitation = greater malaria prevalence = greater HbS frequency

37
Q

Why is heterozygosity an advantage in areas of increased malaria prevalence?

A

heterozygotes are carriers for sickle cell, therefore they do not have it, and are immune to malaria.

38
Q

what is genetic drift?

A

random events that affect the frequency of alleles in a population

39
Q

small populations vs large

A

frequency is more likely to become fixed, either disappearing or dominating the gene pool

large = relatively stable over time

40
Q

p + q = 1

A

p - frequency of dominant allele
q - frequency of recessive allele

41
Q

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

A

p2 - frequency of homo dominant
2pq - frequency of heterozygotes
q2 - frequency of homo recessive

42
Q

Were anoles on the same island (e.g., Puerto Rico) more closely related to one another or were anoles of the same ecomorph (e.g., grass-bush) more closely related?

A

same island

43
Q

what trait or information was ultimately used to construct the phylogenetic tree that showed the evolutionary relationships of the anoles?

A

DNA analysis

44
Q

Why did you determine relative hindlimb length in anoles?

A

it allowed you to directly compare the hindlimbs from anoles of different body sizes

45
Q

The anoles that we studied have dewlaps. What is a dewlap used for?

A

visual communication
attract mates

46
Q

lizards who belong to the same ecomorph type are similar due to similar environmental selection pressures (e.g., the need to not fall off of twigs). What evolutionary term is associated with this?

A

convergent evolution

47
Q

What are Porifera?

A

sponges

48
Q

Characteristics of Porifera

A

aquatic
radial/asymmetrical
no definitive tissues
cell specialization at the organizational level

49
Q

examples of porifera

A

Scypha/ Grantia
Leucosolenia

50
Q

Characteristics of Cnidaria?

A

aquatic
radial symmetry
diploblastic (endo / ectoderm)
tissue
polyp or medusa body structure

51
Q

class of cnidaria

A

hydrozoa
Scyphozoa (jellyfish)
anthozoa (coral / sea anemones)

52
Q

Platyhelminthes charachterisitcs

A

bilateral symmetry
cephalization
acoelomates
triploblastic
tissue specialization (organ, nervous, and excretory systems)
hermaphroditic
muscles for body support

53
Q

classes of Platyhelminthes

A

turbellaria - planarians
Trematoda - flukes
cestoda - tapeworms

54
Q

Rotifera Characteristics

A

bilateral symmetry
pseudocoelomates
head / complete gut
triploblastic
hydrostatic body
dioecious / sexual repro
rotifers

55
Q

Nematoda characteristics

A

bilateral symmetry
psuedocoelomates
triploblastic
sexual repro
hydrostatic body

56
Q

The oldest (i.e., first to have evolved) animal phylum is

A

Porifera

57
Q

Hydra belong to which phylum?

A

cnidaria

58
Q

Sponges possess nervous tissue, which allows them to respond to environmental stimuli.

A

false

59
Q

What type of symmetry, if any, is exhibited by planaria, tapeworms, and flukes?

A

BILATERAL

60
Q

The roundworm Ascaris shows sexual dimorphism. Name a characteristic that demonstrates sexual dimorphism in Ascaris.

A

females are larger than males
males have a hooked posterior end

61
Q

Characteristics of Mollusca

A

coelomates (triploblastic)
nervous system with brain
excretory system w/ nephridia
open circulatory system
respiratory system

62
Q

classes of mollusca

A

bivalves - clams / oysters
gastropods - snails / slugs
cephalopods - squid / octopus

63
Q

Characteristics of Annelids

A

bilateral symmetry
segmented body
closed circulatory system
hydrostatic body
hermaphrodites

64
Q

arthropod characteristics

A

bilateral
coelomates
segmentation in body
nervous system w brain, excretory, respiratory
open circulatory
exoskeleton of chitin
sexual repro

BIO 202 (7 decks)

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