Test 2 Flashcards
Spontaneous Movements
movements not caused by known external stimuli
- Neurological
- squirm, thrust their arms or legs
Primitive Reflex; Name the 4 different ones
Involuntary response to specific stimulation which is often mediated by lower brain centers.
- Symmetrical Tonic Neck
- Asymmetrical Tonic Neck
- Palmar Grasping
- Moro
Reflexive
stereotypical responses elicited by specific external stimuli
Postural Reactions; Name the 2
Help the infant automatically maintain posture in a changing environment (begins around 4 months)
- Derotative Righting
- Parachute
Describe the symmetrical tonic neck reflex
extend head and neck; flex head & neck
–> arms extend, legs flex; arms flex, legs extend
What are the locomotor reflexes?
- Stepping
- Swimming
- Crawling
Describe the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
Turn head to one side –> same side arm & leg extend (suspine/back)
Describe the palmar grasping reflex
touch palm with finger or object –> hand closes tightly around object
Describe the derotative righting reflex
turn legs & pelvis to other side –> trunk and head follow rotation
Describe the moro reflex
stimulus = shake head –> arms, legs & fingers extend; then arms and legs flex
Describe the parachute reflex
Lower infant toward ground rapidly –> legs extend
Describe the swimming reflex
place infant is water –> swimming movement of arms and legs
Describe the stepping reflex
place infant on flat surface –> walking pattern in legs
Self-esteem
ones personal judgement of his or her own capability, signifcance, success and worthiness; it is conveyed to others through words and actions
Self-esteem and its two subdivisions are …
- Social Interactions
- Emotions
Some self-esteem social interactions are …
- parental appraisal
- comparison with others
- teacher or coach feedback
Some self-esteem emotions …
- enjoyment
- pride, excitement with success
- disappointment, stress with failure
Casual Attributions
reasons to which people credit their successes and failures. these differ for people with high and low self-esteem
- Internal
- Stable
- Controllable & in contrast …
- External
- Unstable
- Uncontrollable
Internal Attributions
believing that they influence outcomes through their own behavior
Stable Attributions
that the factors influencing outcome are consistent from situation to situation
Controllable Attribution
believing that they personally control the factors influencing outcome
In contrast …
.
External Attributions
believing they could not change outcomes
Unstable Attributions
believing outcome is a product of fluctuating influences such as good and bad luck
Uncontrollable Attributions
believing that nothing your do could result in a different outcome
What are the rate limiters for early development?
strength support & balance
Describe the labryinthine righting reflex
stimulus; tilt infant –> head moves to stay upright
Motor Milestones
a fundamental motor skill whose attainment is associated with the acquisition of later voluntary movements. The order in which an infant attains these milestones is relatively consisted, although the timing differs among individuals
What is the probable order of motor milestones?
- 2 months; lifts head
- 3 months; lifts shoulders
- 5 months; rolls over - sits unsupported
- 7 months; gets on hands & knees
- 8 months; creeps on hands & knees
- 9 months; pulls to stand; cruises furniture
- 10 months; stands alone
- 12 months; walks alone
Define walking
first form of upright, bipedal
Define running
more advanced motor skill than walking (6-7 months) requires sufficient strength & balance
Define jumping
individual propels self off ground with one or two feet, lands on two feet
Define hopping
individual propels self off ground with one foot, lands on same foot (starts later than jumping)
Define skipping
alternating step-hops on one foot, then the other
What are some characteristics of new/early proficient walkers?
- stride length increases
- heel / toe
- reduces-out toeing & narrows the base support
- adopts the double knee lock
- pelvis rotates
- balance improves
What are some characteristics of new/early proficient runners?
- stability over mobility
- short stride length, little rotation
- flat footed landing
- ## each foot strikes the ground heel first
What are the social interactions of children under 10? (who do the depend on)
children depend more on parental appraisals and outcomes of contests than on direct comparison
What are some reasons for dropping out of sports?
- dislike coach
- lack of playing time
- too much pressure
- too much time required
- lack of fun
