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Human Growth & Motor Development > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Spontaneous Movements

A

movements not caused by known external stimuli

  • Neurological
  • squirm, thrust their arms or legs
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1
Q

Primitive Reflex; Name the 4 different ones

A

Involuntary response to specific stimulation which is often mediated by lower brain centers.

  • Symmetrical Tonic Neck
  • Asymmetrical Tonic Neck
  • Palmar Grasping
  • Moro
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2
Q

Reflexive

A

stereotypical responses elicited by specific external stimuli

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4
Q

Postural Reactions; Name the 2

A

Help the infant automatically maintain posture in a changing environment (begins around 4 months)

  • Derotative Righting
  • Parachute
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4
Q

Describe the symmetrical tonic neck reflex

A

extend head and neck; flex head & neck

–> arms extend, legs flex; arms flex, legs extend

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5
Q

What are the locomotor reflexes?

A
  • Stepping
  • Swimming
  • Crawling
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6
Q

Describe the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

A

Turn head to one side –> same side arm & leg extend (suspine/back)

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7
Q

Describe the palmar grasping reflex

A

touch palm with finger or object –> hand closes tightly around object

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8
Q

Describe the derotative righting reflex

A

turn legs & pelvis to other side –> trunk and head follow rotation

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9
Q

Describe the moro reflex

A

stimulus = shake head –> arms, legs & fingers extend; then arms and legs flex

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10
Q

Describe the parachute reflex

A

Lower infant toward ground rapidly –> legs extend

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11
Q

Describe the swimming reflex

A

place infant is water –> swimming movement of arms and legs

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12
Q

Describe the stepping reflex

A

place infant on flat surface –> walking pattern in legs

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13
Q

Self-esteem

A

ones personal judgement of his or her own capability, signifcance, success and worthiness; it is conveyed to others through words and actions

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14
Q

Self-esteem and its two subdivisions are …

A
  • Social Interactions

- Emotions

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15
Q

Some self-esteem social interactions are …

A
  • parental appraisal
  • comparison with others
  • teacher or coach feedback
16
Q

Some self-esteem emotions …

A
  • enjoyment
  • pride, excitement with success
  • disappointment, stress with failure
17
Q

Casual Attributions

A

reasons to which people credit their successes and failures. these differ for people with high and low self-esteem

  • Internal
  • Stable
  • Controllable & in contrast …
  • External
  • Unstable
  • Uncontrollable
18
Q

Internal Attributions

A

believing that they influence outcomes through their own behavior

19
Q

Stable Attributions

A

that the factors influencing outcome are consistent from situation to situation

20
Q

Controllable Attribution

A

believing that they personally control the factors influencing outcome

21
Q

In contrast …

A

.

22
Q

External Attributions

A

believing they could not change outcomes

23
Q

Unstable Attributions

A

believing outcome is a product of fluctuating influences such as good and bad luck

24
Q

Uncontrollable Attributions

A

believing that nothing your do could result in a different outcome

25
Q

What are the rate limiters for early development?

A

strength support & balance

26
Q

Describe the labryinthine righting reflex

A

stimulus; tilt infant –> head moves to stay upright

27
Q

Motor Milestones

A

a fundamental motor skill whose attainment is associated with the acquisition of later voluntary movements. The order in which an infant attains these milestones is relatively consisted, although the timing differs among individuals

28
Q

What is the probable order of motor milestones?

A
  • 2 months; lifts head
  • 3 months; lifts shoulders
  • 5 months; rolls over - sits unsupported
  • 7 months; gets on hands & knees
  • 8 months; creeps on hands & knees
  • 9 months; pulls to stand; cruises furniture
  • 10 months; stands alone
  • 12 months; walks alone
29
Q

Define walking

A

first form of upright, bipedal

30
Q

Define running

A

more advanced motor skill than walking (6-7 months) requires sufficient strength & balance

31
Q

Define jumping

A

individual propels self off ground with one or two feet, lands on two feet

32
Q

Define hopping

A

individual propels self off ground with one foot, lands on same foot (starts later than jumping)

33
Q

Define skipping

A

alternating step-hops on one foot, then the other

34
Q

What are some characteristics of new/early proficient walkers?

A
  • stride length increases
  • heel / toe
  • reduces-out toeing & narrows the base support
  • adopts the double knee lock
  • pelvis rotates
  • balance improves
35
Q

What are some characteristics of new/early proficient runners?

A
  • stability over mobility
  • short stride length, little rotation
  • flat footed landing
  • ## each foot strikes the ground heel first
36
Q

What are the social interactions of children under 10? (who do the depend on)

A

children depend more on parental appraisals and outcomes of contests than on direct comparison

37
Q

What are some reasons for dropping out of sports?

A
  • dislike coach
  • lack of playing time
  • too much pressure
  • too much time required
  • lack of fun

Human Growth & Motor Development (3 decks)

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