Final Exam

Question 1

What are the social constraints on development?

Answer 1

societal and cultural beliefs, attitudes, and stereotypes can encourage or discourage motor behaviors - pervasive group attitudes, values, and customs

Question 2

Which parent will most influence the behavior of the children of both sexes?

Answer 2

• fathers tend to reinforce gender typing in boys
• same-sex parents may be more influential
• girls seemed to need a higher level of encouragement from their families to become involved in physical activities, than boys.

Question 3

Socializing agents are:

Answer 3

family, peers, coaches and teachers

Question 4

Social situations are:

Answer 4

games, play environment and toys

Question 5

Personal attributes are:

Answer 5

perceived sport ability

Question 6

Which socializing agents affect the motor development of a young adult?

Answer 6

Peers provide a strong influence for group activities, including team sports and non sport clubs

Question 7

Gender

Answer 7

refers to culturally defined sociological characteristics used to differentiate between males and females

Question 8

Title IX

Answer 8

requiring equal opportunity for girls and women in sports.

Question 9

Significant others

Answer 9

influential or important people called socializing agents

Question 10

Declarative

Answer 10

knowing factual information

Question 11

Procedural

Answer 11

knowing how to do something in accordance with specific rules

Question 12

Strategic

Answer 12

knowing general rules or strategies that apply to many topics

Question 13

What socializing agent most influences sports and physical activity across the life span?

Answer 13

Parents’ early involvement could lead to a lifetime of participation in physical activities for a child

Question 14

Novice - Expert Differences

Answer 14

Experts:

• have more declarative & procedural knowledge
• organize info in a methodical structure
• make more inferences, predictions in sport
• analyze problems at a more advanced level
• recognize patterns more quickly
• preplan some responses to specific situations
• organize knowledge relative to the goal of the game
• individuals become experts in specific sports or dance forms

Question 15

What are the 3 main reasons to why performance would be related to size of knowledge base?

Answer 15

• Reduces the need to remember a great deal of info in the short term
• Allows more effective use of cognitive processes
• Reduces the amount of conscious attention needed to perform some tasks

Question 16

What is the order of the development of knowledge?

Answer 16

1. declarative
2. procedural
3. strategic

Question 17

What is responsible for children’s slower cognitive processing needs?

Answer 17

Central functions (attention, memory, and response selection) account for children’s slower processing speeds

Question 18

What is responsible for older adults slower cognitive processing needs? And what kinds of actions are more likely to slow down?

Answer 18

The central nervous system functions are more responsible

• choice reaction time slows relatively more than simple reaction time
• slowing in more pronounced on more complicated tasks

Question 19

Strength

Answer 19

is the ability to exert force

Question 20

At what age does there start to be a difference in strength between girls / boys?

Answer 20

Boys and girls are similar in strength levels until age 13 years

Question 21

After puberty, what occurs after a strength training program is initiated?

Answer 21

increase in muscle mass are associated with resistance training

Question 22

At what age does strength gradually decline in adulthood?

Answer 22

strength generally declines gradually after the 30’s

Question 23

What are the factors that contribute to the loss of muscle with aging?

Answer 23

some of the factors include changes in fiber types, nervous system and vascular system

Question 24

Prepubescents

Answer 24

can increase strength with training without an increase in muscle size

Question 25

Isotonic

Answer 25

constant resistance, as in lifting a barbell

Question 26

Isokinetic

Answer 26

constant speed of movement, as with a Cybex machine

Question 27

Isometric

Answer 27

if exerted against immovable resistance (without a change in muscle length - wall sits)

Question 28

When do adults tend to lose their flexibility

Answer 28

after age 50

Question 29

Osteoarthritis

Answer 29

degenerative, chronic disease of the joints

Question 30

Osteoporosis

Answer 30

disorder causing porous and brittle bones