Test 2 Flashcards
Identify the papillae
Filiform papillae
Identify the highlighted structure
Serous demilunes
What is produced by serous demilunes?
Enzymes: amylase, lipase, proline rich enzymes
Identify the gland
Sublingual gland
Identify the type of acini
Serous acini ‘
Identify the epithelium
Stratified squamous keratinised epithelium
What is secreted by the indicated cells?
Mucin/mucigen
Identify the gland
Submandibular gland
Identify the structure
Intercalated duct
Intercalated duct epithelium
Simple cudboidal
Identify the duct
Striated duct
Identify the duct
Interlobular duct
Interlobular duct epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar
Identify the stage of tooth development
Cap stage
Identify the structure
Enamel organ
Identify the stage of tooth development
Bell stage
Identify the structure and what it forms
Dental papilla - forms dentine and pulp
Identify the structure
White pulp (spleen)
Which cells are found in spleen white pulp?
B lymphocytes
Identify the highlighted structure
Central arteriole of white pulp
Identify the organ
Thymus
Identify the indicated areas
Thymic medulla
Identify the structure
Hassall’s corpuscle
Identify the structure
Hassall’s corpuscle
Identify the cell type
Megakaryocyte with polypoid nucleus
Identify the organ
Lymph node
Identify the lymphocytes present in this area
B lymphocytes
Identify the space indicated
Subcapsular sinus
Identify the cell
Basophil
Identify the cell
Eosinophil
Identify the cells
Platelets
Identify the cell
Monocyte
Identify layers 1, 2, 3, 4, + 5 of the cornea
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- Bowman’s membrane
- Corneal stroma
- Descemet’s membrane
- Simple squamous endothelium
Identify the structure indicated by the star
Ciliary body/muscle
What is the function of the ciliary body?
Maintaining tension in the suspensory ligament of the lens
What does the epithelium lining the ciliary body produce?
Aqueous humour
Identify the contents of the indicated layer
Outer nuclear layer: nuclei of rods and cones
Identify the regions indicated
Bracket: optic disc/blind spot
Arrow: central artery of retina
Rectangle: lamina cribrosa
Identify the layer and it’s contents
Inner plexiform layer: synapse between bipolar and ganglion cells
Identify the structure
Taste bud
Identify structure 1 + 2
- Helicotrema
- Spiral ganglion
Identify the structure
Organ of corti
Identify canal A, B + C
A: Scala vestibuli
B: Scala tympani
C: Cochlear duct
Identify the structure and what it produces
Stria vascularis produces endolymph
Identify the structure
Reissner’s/vestibular membrane: separates cochlear duct from Scala vestibuli
Identify the structures and their contents
Thyroid follicles : iodinated thyroglobulin in colloid
Identify the region
Zona fasciculata
What does the Zona fasciculata produce?
Glucocorticoids = Cortisol
Identify the region
Pars intermedia
Name the hormones secreted by this region
Islets of langerhans: endocrine pancreas:
1. Insulin
2. Glucagon
3. Somatostatin
4. Pancreatic polypeptide
Mention the hormones secreted by the indicated magenta cells
Basophils: FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH
Identify the region and it’s secretions
Adrenal medulla: adrenaline and noradrenaline
Identify the cells
Parafollicular/ C cells
What do Parafollicular/ C cells secrete?
Calcitonin
Identify the cells indicated by arrows
Pituicytes in pars nervosa
Identify the cells indicated by black and blue arrows
Black: pituicytes (pars nervosa)
Blue: herring bodies
Identify the region
Zona reticularis (adrenal cortex)
Identify region A, B + C
A: Zona glomerulosa
B: Zona fasciculata
C: Zona reticularis
endocrine system functions
- maintains homeostasis
- helps body react to stress
- regulate growth and development, reproduction etc.
what is the pituitary gland attached to and influenced by?
The hypothalamus
Posterior region of pituitary gland
neurohypophysis = pars nervosa
Anterior region of pituitary gland
Adenohypophysis = pars tuberalis and distalis
Region of pituitary gland between pars distalis and pars nervosa
pars intermedia
blood supply of pituitary gland
supplied by superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries: hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
2 cell types in the pars distalis
chromophobes and chromophils
2 types of chromophils
- Acidophils (red staining): somatotrophs and mammotrophs.
- Basophils (purple/magenta staining): Corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs.
Hormones secreted by adenohypophysis/pars distalis/anterior pituitary
growth hormone, prolactins, FSH, LH, ACTH, Thyroid stimulating hormone
control of the anterior pituitary gland
negative feedback loop between hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid glands
- thyroid hormone inhibits Thyrotropin releasing hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone
control of anterior pituitary hormones
by peptide hormones produced by specialized neurons in the hypothalamus
pars intermedia hormone
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Cells of the neurohypophysis/posterior pituitary
- pituicytes (glial cells)
- Herring bodies (swellings that accumulate hormones)
neurohypophysis/posterior pituitary hormones
Oxytocin (contraction of mammary glands + uterus)
Vasopressin/ADH (increases water permeability of renal ducts)
Thyroid gland secretions
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
- Calcitonin
thyroid gland parenchyma
thyroid follicles (simple cuboidal epithelium) + interfollicular CT
thyroid homrone storage
stored as thyroglobulin precursor in the follicles
Parafollicular/ C cells location + function
in between thyroid follicles, secrete calcitonin
calcitonin function
lowers blood calcium levels and prevents bone resorption ( antagonist to PTH)
Parathyroid glands hormone
Parathormone (PTH): maintains serum calcium
Parathyroid gland cells
- Chief cells (secrete PTH)
- Oxyphil cells
- Adipose cells
Adrenal gland regions
- Cortex (3 zones)
- Medulla
Adrenal cortex zones
From outer to inner:
1. Zona glomerulosa
2. Zona Fasciculata
3. Zona reticularis
zona glomerulosa secretions
- Mineralcorticoids
- Aldosterone
Zona fasciculata secretions
Glucocorticoids=cortisol
Zona reticularis secretion
- Glucocorticoids
- Androgens
- DHEA - Testosterone
Adrenal medulla cells and secretions
Chromaffin cells - epinephrine and norepinephrine
Exocrine pancreas
serous acini
Endocrine pancreas
islets of langerhans
Islets of langerhans cells and secretions
- A cells = Glucagon
- B cells = Insulin
- D cells = somatostatin
- F cells = pancreatic polypeptide
leydig cells function and location
produce testosterone found between seminiferous tubules
oral mucosa epithelium
stratified squamous, keratinized in areas exposed to friction (hard palate, dorsum of tongue)
Transition zone of lips
Vermillion border (mucocutaneous junction) = epidermis > stratified squamous epithelium
glands found in hard palate
palatine glands (submucosal)
oral soft palate epithelium
non-keratinized stratified squamous
nasopharyngeal soft palate epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Border between 2 tongue portions
sulcus terminalis
contents of anterior tongue
Papillae:
1. Filiform (no tastebuds)
2. Fungiform
3. Circumvallate
4. Foliate
contents of posterior tongue
lingual tonsils
tongue epithelium
keratinized stratified squamous
papillae found in body of tongue
filiform and fungiform
papillae found at side of tongue
foliate
papillae found at sulcus terminalis
vallate
cells of taste buds
- Sensory cells: large, lightly stained (circular)
- Supporting cells: darkly stained (flame like)
- Basal cells: at base of taste bud
Functions of saliva
- Protection
- Buffering; bicarb protects teeth
- Antimicrobial activity
- digestion
Major salivary glands
- Parotid
- Submandibular
- Sublingual
Minor salivary glands
- Palatine
- Lingual
Salivary gland type
compound tubulo-acinar
Salivary gland secretion method
Merocrine
Salivary gland serous cell secretion
thin, watery = proteins + ions
Salivary gland mucous cell secretion
mucin
serous acini characteristics
- Form an acinus
- Darkly staining
- Protein secreting
mucous cells characteristics
- Lighter staining
- Often form tubules instead of acini
Crescent shape of dark cells at the end of secretory unit
Serous demilune
Cells associated with secretory portion of glands
myoepithelial cells = contract to expel secretions
Duct system
secretory end portion (acini) > intercalated duct > Striated duct > Interlobular/excretory ducts’
Parotid gland composition
Compound acinar gland = Secretions abundant in amylase and proline proteins
Submandibular gland composition
serous, mucous + seromucous (serous cells predominately) = Secrete amylase, proline proteins, lysozyme + mucigen
Sublingual gland composition
Mixed seromucous gland, predominately mucous cells = secrete mostly mucus but some amylase and lysozyme
Minor salivary glands product
usually mucous secreting
Von Ebners glands
Found at the base of circumvallate papillae, entirely serous + secrete lipase
nervous stimulation of saliva
autonomic nervous system: Parasympathetic encourages, sympathetic inhibits
what do dental papilla cells form?
Odontoblasts
what do odontoblasts produce?
predentine
odontoblast cell process
forms dentinal tubule
Root formation
Hertwig’s Epithelial root sheath
Junction between enamel and dentine
Amelodentinal junction
Tooth layers
- Enamel
- Dentine
- Cementum
- Pulp
Olfactory epithelium type
Pseudostratified columnar
Olfactory epithelium cells
- Olfactory receptors (bipolar neurons, cilia at apical end)
- Support cells (sustentacular cells) (columnar/long)
- Basal cells (small spherical/flame shaped)
Olfactory mucosa glands
Tubulo-alveolar serous glands (olfactory/Bowman’s glands)
3 layers of the eye
- Corneoscleral coat
- vascular coat (uvea)
- Retina
conjunctiva epithelium
stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Space between cornea and iris
Anterior chamber
Space between posterior surface or iris and anterior surface of the lens
Posterior chamber
Space between posterior surface of the lens and neural retina
Vitreous chamber
types of leukocytes
- Granulocytes (polymorphic/multiple lobed nuclei): Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils.
- Agranulocytes (round nucleus): Lymphocytes, monocytes
Remove worn out erythrocytes from circulation
macrophages
Neutrophil function
ingest bacteria + damaged cells
Eosinophil function
- secrete factors that mediate allergic responses (histaminase)
- Phagocytose parasites
Basophil function
Contain histamine = act as effector cells in allergic reactions
Monocyte function
Enter CT to become macrophages or phagocytes
lymphocyte T Cell function
cell mediated immunity, mature in thymus
lymphocyte B Cell function
Humoral (antibody) mediated immunity, mature in bone marrow
Platelet function
release granule contents upon contact with collagen outwith the endothelium = begins clot formation
types of bone marrow
red and yellow
Produced by myeloid stem cells
erythrocytes, megakaryocytes + platelets, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils and monocytes
produced by lymphoid stem cells
B + T cells
Beginning cell of erythropoiesis
Proerythroblast
Invaginations of megakaryocyte plasma membrane
demarcation membranes
Primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow and thymus
secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, peyer’s patches (MALT/GALT)
infant thymus
lobules consisting of basophilic (dark staining) cortex and eosinophilic medulla
where are Hassalls corpuscles found
Thymic medulla
What are secondary nodules and where are they found
spheres of B cells with a germinal centre (actively dividing) and a mantle zone (resting) found in lymph node cortex
lymph node paracortex cells
T cells
vessels in paracortical region of lymph node
High endothelial venules
What do B lymphocytes mature into?
plasma cells + B cells
What do the palatine tonsils form
Waldeyer’s ring
Spleen functions
- Immune response
- Removal of aged blood cells
- Production of blood cells during foetal life
spleen red pulp contents
splenic venous sinusoids and splenic cords (located outside the marginal zone)
spleen white pulp contents
central arteriole surrounded by periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) = Light germinal centre and darker outer marginal zone
Name the organ and parts A B + C
Pituitary gland
A = Pars distalis
B = Pars intermedia
C = Pars nervosa
Name parts A + B
A = posterior lobe
B = anterior lobe
Identify the region of the pituitary gland and the cells represented by A and B and Cp
Adenohypophysis/Pars distalis
A = Acidophils
B = Basophils
Cp = chromophobes
Identify the region of the pituitary gland
Adenohypophysis/pars distalis
Identify the region of the pituitary gland and the cells represented by P and NB
Neurohypophysis/pars nervosa
P = pituicytes
NB = Herring bodies
Name the organ + region
Thyroid gland parenchyma with follicles
Name the structure and it’s epithelium
Thyroid follicle = simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium
Name cell A
Follicular cells
Name cell A
C cells
Name the organ and the cells A
Parathyroid glands, chief cells (lightly stained, dark nuclei)
Name cells A
Oxyphil cells (eosinophilic)
Name the papillae
Fungiform
Name the organ
Adrenal gland
Name the structure
Lips
V= vermillion border
Name the structure
Hard palate
Name the structure
Tongue
Name the papillae
Filiform
Name the papillae
Foliate
Name the papillae
Circumvallate
Name A
Taste pore
Name A
Sensory cells
Name A
Support cell
Name A
Basal cell
Name duct A
Intercalated duct
Name duct A
Striated duct
Name duct *
Interlobular/collecting/excretory
Name the structure
Posterior third of tongue (lingual tonsils)
Name the stage of tooth development
Cap stage
Identify the indicated feature
White pulp spleen, Central arteriole and PALS
Identify the indicated feature
White pulp spleen
Identify the indicated feature
Germinal centre of white pulp
Identify the indicated feature
Central arteriole of white pulp
Identify the indicated cell
Platelet
Identify the indicated cell
Lymphocyte
Identify the indicated cell
Neutrophil
Identify the indicated cell
Eosinophil
Name the structure
Lymph node
Identify the indicated feature
Lymphatic nodules
Identify the indicated feature of lymph node
High endothelial venule
Identify the organ
Thymus
Identify the feature indicated by the bracket
Rouleaux
Identify the cell
Neutrophil
Identify the cell
Eosinophil
Identify the cell
Basophil
Identify the cell
Lymphocyte
Identify the cell
Monocyte
Identify the tissue
Bone marrow: venous sinusoids and cords of hemopoietic cells
Lymphatic vessels
Identify the structure of the lymph node and what cells it contains
Secondary nodule: mantle zone and germinal centre made up of B cells
Identify the structure
Palatine tonsil
Identify the gland
Sublingual
Identify the gland
Submandibular
Identify the gland
Lingual
Identify the gland
Parotid
Identify the indicated feature
Epithelium (cornea)
Identify the indicated feature
Corneal stroma
Identify the indicated feature
Organ of corti
Identify the indicated feature
Stria vascularis
Identify the indicated feature
Basilar membrane
Identify the indicated feature
Spiral ligament
Identify the indicated feature
Scala tympani
Identify the indicated feature
Cochlear duct
Identify the indicated feature
Scala vestibuli
Identify the indicated feature
Vestibular/Reissner’s membrane
Identify the indicated feature
Helicotrema
Identify the indicated feature
Modiolus with vessels and cochlear ganglia
Identify the indicated feature
Spiral ganglion
Identify the indicated feature
Organ of corti
Identify the indicated feature
Tectorial membrane
Identify the indicated feature
Bowman’s membrane
Identify the indicated feature
Endothelium
Identify the indicated feature
Retinal pigment epithelium (simple cuboidal, melanin rich)
Identify the indicated feature
Choroid
Identify the indicated feature
Outer nuclear layer (nucleated parts of rods and cones)
Identify the indicated feature
Outer limiting membrane (junctional complexes between photoreceptors and supportive cells)
Identify the indicated feature
Outer plexiform layer (synapse between photoreceptors and bipolar cells)
Identify the indicated feature
Inner nuclear layer (bipolar cell and muller cell nuclei)
Identify the indicated feature
Inner plexiform layer (synapse between bipolar and ganglion cells)
Identify the indicated feature
Ganglion cell layer (ganglion cell bodies)
Identify the indicated feature
Nerve fibre layer (ganglion cell axons)
Identify the indicated feature
Inner limiting membrane (basal lamina of muller cells)
Identify the indicated feature
Ora Serrata transitioning
Identify the indicated feature
Tastebuds
Identify the indicated feature
Retina
Identify the indicated feature
Sclera
Identify the indicated feature
Lamina cribrosa
Identify the indicated feature
Ciliary process
Identify the indicated feature
Rods and cones layer
retinal pigmented epithelial cell contents and functions
- melanin: prevents light from entering
- Lysosomes: Phagocytose rod + cone debris
- forms blood-retina barrier
blood supply of the retina
- central retinal artery
- choroid layer
what fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye?
Aqueous humor
Where is aqueous humour secreted?
Ciliary processes
What structure drains excess aqueous humour?
trabecular meshwork at scleral portion of corneoscleral junction (surface of anterior chamber) into Canal of schlem
which fluid fills the cochlear duct?
Endolymph
what does the stria vascularis produce?
endolymph
Where is the aqueous humour outflow tract found?
iridocorneal angle
choroid layer is abundant in melanocytes: true or false?
True!
region where choroid and sclera meet
suprachoroidal lamina
What do SPM + DPM represent in this photo of the iris?
SPM: sphincter pupillae muscle
DPM: dilator pupillae muscle
rods and cones
rods = light
cones = colour
what is the ora serrata?
separates neural and ciliary parts of retina
Indent found lateral to optic disc
fovea centralis - contains only cones surrounded by macula lutea
where are ceruminous glands found?
external auditory meatus submucosa = secrete cerumen (earwax)
what fills the scala tympani and scala vestibuli?
perilymph
Structure found in utricle and saccule
maculae (respond to linear acceleration, gravity etc. via otoconia = vestibular system)
ear structure that responds to head rotation
crista ampullaris
Tis
Tumour contained in mucosa (adenoma = benign >95% survival)
T1
tumour invaded submucosa
T2
Tumour invaded muscularis externa
T3
tumour invaded CT surrounding muscularis externa
T4
Tumour has perforated serosa of the colon
N0
tumour doesn’t affect lymph nodes
N1
Tumour affects lymph nodes
M0
No metastasis to different tissues
M1
metastasis to distant tissues
Stage I
T1/2 N0 M0 (95% survival)
Stage IIA
T3 N0 M0 (85% survival)
Stage IIB
T4 N0 M0
Stage IIIA
T1/2 N1 M0 (65% survival)
Stage IIIB
T3/4 N1 M0 (65% survival)
Stage IV
any T any N M1 (8% survival)
Name A, B, C, D + E
A: Enamel
B: Amelodentinal junction
C: dentine
D: cementum
E: pulp
Name stage A, B, C, D + E
A: Bud stage
B: Cap stage
C: Bell stage
D: Late bell stage
E: Crown stage
Identify A, B + C
A: Basal cells
B: olfactory receptors
C: support cells
What anchors cementum to the alveolar bone
periodontal ligament
where is oxytocin synthesized
paraventricular nuclei - hypothalamus
which cells form enamel
ameloblasts
contents of lymph node medullary cords
lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells
What is a reticulocyte
immature erythrocyte
Optic nerve fibres retinal layer
ganglion cell layer
What stimulates the Zona fasciculata to secrete cortisol?
ACTH
Epinephrine cells characteristics
smaller + moderately dense/light core
norepinephrine cell characteristics
large + relatively dense
Stain used to visualize blood
giemsa and wright
Stages of blood cell production
proliferation, differentiation, maturation
Attachment site for the edges of the tympanic membrane
Tympanic annulus
Epithelium lining Eustachian tube
Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar
Pigment present in cones
Iodopsin
Membranes associated with organ of corti
Basilar and tectorial membranes
Structure of cristae ampullaris that detects head turning
Cupola
Structure over which otoconia move
Kinocilum of hair cells embedded in the otolithic membrane
Structure that detects changes in head position
Maculae of utricle and saccule
Choroid membrane next to retina
Bruch’s membrane
Process by which megakaryocytes are produced
Thrombocytopoiesis