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Biology 1107 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleic Acid Structure

A

Phosphate group
Sugar
Nitrogenous Base

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2
Q

DNA Structure

A

stable double helix
stands run antiparallel
strands joined by H-bonds between NB
nucleotide pairing follows rules of complementation based on hydrogen bonding

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3
Q

RNA

A

single-stranded
complementary to some region of DNA
several functional types
uracil
not typically stable

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4
Q

mRNA

A

carries blueprint for protein

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5
Q

tRNA

A

carry amino acids to ribosomes
no coding

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6
Q

rRNA

A

structural component of ribosome (permanently)

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7
Q

Heterochromatin

A

highly packaged/more condense

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8
Q

Euchromatin

A

less packaged/more condensed

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9
Q

Histone

A

most common condensing proteins
positive charge

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10
Q

Nucleosome and Solenoid

A

when repeated, structures increase packaging/condensing

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

Interior of a chromosome

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12
Q

Transcription

A

DNA –> RNA

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13
Q

Translation

A

RNA –> Protein

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14
Q

Codon

A

code for amino acid during translation
64 total

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15
Q

T or F: The code is redundant but not ambiguous

A

T

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16
Q

Start Codons (AUG)

A

where the reading should begin
met (methionine)

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17
Q

Stop Codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)

A

not recognized by tRNA
signal to terminate translation

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18
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

synthesizes RNA from DNA template during transcription

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19
Q

RNA will be identical to which strand? Coding or Template?

A

Identical to Coding
(uses template to make compliment)

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20
Q

Transcription: Initiation

A

RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to promoter (transcription factors)
unwinds DNA creating single-stranded template

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21
Q

Transcription: Elongation

A

RNA polymerase builds RNA that is the complement to the template strand of DNA
polymerizes 5’ to 3’
reading 3’ to 5’

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22
Q

Transcription: Termination

A

arrangements of nucleotides cause RNA polymerase to dissociate from DNA template

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23
Q

Post-Transcriptional Process

A

mRNA must be modified first to be transported to cytoplasm
5’ cap
poly-a tail
to protect the RNA since it is not stable

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24
Q

RNA Splicing

A

introns are removed and exons bind together

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25
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

the cell has the ability to make several different proteins from a single gene
accomplished by including or excluding different exons

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26
Q

Translation: Initiation

A

mRNA binds to ribosome binding site with start codon in p-site

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27
Q

Translation: Elongation

A

2nd charged tRNA enters A-site
peptide bond formation
repeat the number of codons in the mRNA ending at the stop codon

28
Q

Translation: Termination

A

initiated when stop codon enters the A-site
release factors cleave the polypeptide from the last tRNA

29
Q

Goal of Cell Cycle

A

produce two identically identical daughter cells when they are needed

30
Q

Cell cycle control

A

cytoplasmic signals
density-dependent inhibition
anchorage dependence

31
Q

Density-dependent inhibition

A

crowded cells stop dividing

32
Q

Anchorage Dependence

A

cells must be attached to the appropriate surface to divide
knows not to divide in certain areas

33
Q

Cancer cells

A

do not respond to body’s control mechanisms
loss of anchorage dependence and density-dependent inhibition

34
Q

Malignant Tumors

A

invade surrounding tissues and can metastasis (loss of anchorage dependence)

35
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

any gene involved in cell cycle control

36
Q

Oncogene

A

defective version of proto-oncogene

37
Q

Mitotic Cell Division Goal

A

create genetically identical daughter cells

38
Q

Genome

A

full set of DNA an organism carries

39
Q

Chromosomes

A

genome divided into smaller units of DNA

40
Q

Gene

A

sequences of DNA bases that carry the information necessary to produce and RNA molecule or protein

41
Q

Allele

A

many different versions of a gene may exist among individuals

42
Q

Diploids

A

contain somatic cells that have two sets of each chromosome called homologous chromosomes

43
Q

Somatic Cells

A

normal body cells (not gametes, sperm, or egg)

44
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

pair of chromosomes in a diploid organism
same length
centromeres in same location
same gene in same place
different alleles could be the difference (A –> a)

45
Q

Haploid

A

one copy of every chromosome

46
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

each replicated chromosome consists of 2 which separate during cell division

47
Q

Mitosis: Interphase

A

s phase when DNA replicates
cell growth/normal cell life
G1, S, G2 phase

48
Q

Mitotic Phase

A

division of nucleus

49
Q

Mitosis: Prophase

A

chromosomes condense
mitotic spindle forms
centrosomes separate

50
Q

Mitosis: Pre-metaphase

A

nuclear envelope/membrane fragments
kinetochore forms
microtubules extend from centrosome to kinetochore
mitotic spindle connects to kinetochore which attaches to centromeres

51
Q

Mitosis: Metaphase

A

centrosomes reach opposite ends of cell
Chromosomes align in the middle (end to end)
Kinetochores of sister chromatids attached to microtubules from opposite sides

52
Q

Mitosis: Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separate
microtubules shorten pulling chromosomes towards centrosomes (opposite sides)

53
Q

Mitosis: Telophase/Cytokinesis

A

Nuclear envelopes reform
chromosomes condense
division of cytoplasm
cell divides into 2

54
Q

Non-kinetochore Microtubules

A

push against each other to elongate the cell

55
Q

Goal of Meiosis

A

reduce the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
have 4 daughter cells, each with a unique set of chromosomes

56
Q

Meiosis: Interphase I

A

chromosome replicate: diploid cells with sister chromatids

57
Q

Meiosis: Prophase I

A

Chromosomes condense and move around
nuclear envelope dissolves
spindles form
synapsis of homologous chromosomes
crossing over can occur between homologues too

58
Q

Meiosis: Metaphase I

A

tetrads align at the metaphase plate
homologous chromosomes line up side by side relative to division poles and non-homologous chromosomes arrange end to end.

59
Q

Meiosis: Anaphase 1

A

homologous pairs separate and move towards opposite ends of the cell
each homologous chromosome pair has a pair of sister chromatids
sister chromatids remain attached at centromere

60
Q

Meiosis: Telophase/Cytokinesis I

A

Nuclear envelope reforms
2 haploid cells have been produced

61
Q

Meiosis: Interphase II

A

no replication of chromosome
centrosomes and centrioles can duplicate here

62
Q

Meiosis II

A

VERY similar to mitosis

63
Q

Ploidy

A

set of homologues in a cell

64
Q

Euploidy

A

entire haploid set of chromosomes gained or lost

65
Q

Aneuploidy

A

general category of conditions where chromosome is gained or lost

66
Q

Monosomy

A

loss of one chromosome
typically lethal
Turner Syndrome

67
Q

Trisomy

A

addition of a single chromosome
mental retardation and or organ system failure
the larger the chromosome, the more lethal

Biology 1107 (3 decks)

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