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Biology 1107 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hypothesis

A

your proposed explanation/ critical component of good science. Must be testable, quantifiable, and faslifiable

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2
Q

T or F: Science is used to prove things

A

False, it is used to disprove things

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3
Q

Independent Variable

A

the variable being changed/tested

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4
Q

Dependent variable

A

the results based on what is changed

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5
Q

Controlled Variable

A

used as a reference or baseline to compare

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6
Q

Emergent Properties

A

adding the puzzle pieces together to create the bigger picture

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7
Q

Living things must (be) (10)

A

Complex, highly organized, collect energy & transform it, respond to stimuli, regulate, reproduce, grow & develop, and evolutionary adaptation.

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8
Q

System

A

combination of components that form a more complex organization

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9
Q

Evolution

A

the change in frequency of heritable variation over time within a population

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10
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

lack internal membrane structures (nucleoid, plasma membrane, cell wall)
example: bacteria

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11
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

complex internal membrane systems (membrane-bound organelles) (Plant/animal)

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12
Q

Do larger animals have larger cells?

A

No, they just have more cells

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13
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

a smaller cell has a higher surface to volume ratio, which facilitates the exchange of materials into and out of the cell (efficiency)

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14
Q

Phospholipids contain

A

hydrophilic head
hydrophobic tail

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

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15
Q

Phospholipid Function (outside of cell)

A

selective Barrier to environment
transport of nutrients and waste

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16
Q

Nucleus Structure

A

enclosed membrane
nuclear envelope
genetic material
nucleolus
nuclear pore complex

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17
Q

Nucleus: Enclosed Membrane Function

A

selective barrier

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18
Q

Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope Function

A

Double membrane to regulate content

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19
Q

Nucleus: Genetic Material Function

A

encodes instructions to make proteins and RNA

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20
Q

Nucleus: Nucleolus Function

A

ribosomal RNA produced and combined with proteins to assemble ribosomes

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21
Q

Nucleus: Nuclear Pore Complex Function

A

makes instructions on how to make proteins
directs and controls protein production

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22
Q

Ribosomes Structure

A

resides in nuclear envelope, rough ER, and Cytoplasm

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23
Q

Ribosome Function

A

catalyze production protein

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24
Q

Endomembrane system structure

A

interconnected membranous organelles with many metabolic functions
jelly-like

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25
Q

Endomembrane system function

A

protein production & transport
lipid production & transport
deals with toxic byproducts
deals with pathogens
secreation
vesicles travel through

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26
Q

Rough ER Structure

A

contains ribosomes

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27
Q

Rough ER Function

A

protein production attached ribosomes
membrane production in cooperation with smooth ER

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28
Q

Smooth ER Structure

A

No ribosomes

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29
Q

Smooth ER Function

A

synthesize lipids
metabolize carbs
store & regulate calcium
detoxify poison

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30
Q

Golgi Apparatus Function

A

modifies and packages products received in vesicles from the ER for transport and/or secretion. Can make the products functional (attach a sugar)

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31
Q

Golgi Apparatus Structure

A

cis face
cisternae
trans face

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32
Q

Golgi A: Cis Face Function

A

receives unfinished products coming from ER

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33
Q

Golgi A: Cisternae Function

A

membrane sac where reactions occur

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34
Q

Golgi A: Trans Face Function

A

transport/package products in vesicles and ship out

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35
Q

Lysosome Structure

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes

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36
Q

Lysosome Function

A

break down/metabolize/compartmentalize hydrolytic enzymes so they don’t digest the cell
golgi a. packages products in these
malfunction associated with many diseases

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37
Q

Lysosomal Storage Diseases

A

breaking down things you don’t want to break down OR not breaking down things you need to get rid of
can have no function, malfunction, or barely any function

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38
Q

Vacuole Structure

A

diverse maintenance compartments

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39
Q

Vacuole Function

A

hydrolysis
storage
pumps

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40
Q

Mitochondria & Chloroplast Purpose

A

change energy from one form to another
2 membranes
have their own genome
have their own ribosomes

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41
Q

Mitochondria Structure

A

vary in number depending on metabolic needs of cell type (skeletal muscle cell vs skin cell)
folded inner membrane and smooth outer membrane
matrix (inner area containing DNA, ribosomes, and other enzymes)

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42
Q

Mitochondria Function

A

converts sugar to usable energy (ATP)
(Grow and go)

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43
Q

Chloroplast structure

A

contains chlorophyll
thylakoids
stroma

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44
Q

Chloroplast Function

A

uses solar energy to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water

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45
Q

Chloroplast: Thylakoids Function

A

internal membrane system where most photosynthesis reactions take place

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46
Q

Chloroplast: Stroma Function

A

fluid-filled space between inner membrane and thylakoids
contain DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

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47
Q

Peroxisomes Function

A

metabolizes other molecules
(energy, detoxification, etc.)
produces hydrogen peroxide as byproduct
(H2O2 toxic to cells, converts it to water)

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48
Q

Cytoskeleton Structure

A

microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments

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49
Q

Cytoskeleton Function

A

shape, anchor, movement
interacts with motor proteins
“train track”

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50
Q

Cytoskeleton: Microtubule Structure

A

composed of tubulin protein
compression-resisting properties
cell shape

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51
Q

Cytoskeleton: Microtubule Function

A

guides movement interaction with motor proteins

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52
Q

Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments Structure

A

composed of actin protein
tension-bearing (pulling)

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53
Q

Cytoskeleton: Microfilament Function

A

muscle contraction with myosin, amoeboid movements

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54
Q

Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filament Structure

A

more permanent structure

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55
Q

Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filament Function

A

reinforce the shape of cells and organelles

56
Q

Cell Wall Structure

A

cellulose fibers and protein of plants (plants and fungi)

57
Q

Cell Wall Function

A

chemical and mechanical protection

58
Q

Extracellular Matrix Structure

A

glycoproteins and proteoglycans (animal)

59
Q

Extracellular Matrix Function

A

protection and communication

60
Q

Tight Junction

A

cells pressed tightly and bound by proteins
things cannot pass easily between them

61
Q

Desmosomes

A

anchor cells together
attach to intermediate filaments
loosely bound together
things can flow between the cells

62
Q

Gap Junctions

A

connective channels between cells
specific channels from the inside of one cell to the inside of another
they have to communicate very quickly

63
Q

Atom

A

smallest identifiable form of matter

64
Q

Element

A

different personalities/ difference in subatomic particles/ interact with environment based on their makeup

65
Q

Neutrons

A

no electrical charge
located in nucleus

66
Q

Protons

A

positively charged
located in nucleus
# determines identity of atom

67
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charge
located outside nucleus in cloud-like state

68
Q

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by

A

the distribution of electrons in the electron shells

69
Q

Covalent Bond

A

sharing of a pair of electrons
strongest bonds/takes the most energy to pull apart

70
Q

Molecules

A

formed when two or more atoms join by covalent bonds

71
Q

Single/Double Covalent Bonds

A

of electrons they are sharing

72
Q

Electronegativity

A

attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond
the more electronegative an atom, the more strongly it pulls

73
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

atoms have similar electronegativities
share electrons equally (amount of time negative charge spends on one side is the same on both)

74
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

H2O
atoms have different electronegativities
share electrons differently

75
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonds to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
Not as strong/can form and break pretty easily

76
Q

Polarity of a water molecule

A

allows them to form hydrogen bonds with each other and with other polar molecules

77
Q

Weakest to highest Electronegativity (O, C, H, N)

A

H (low)
C (low)
N ( higher)
O (highest)

78
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

an attraction between anions and cations

79
Q

Ion

A

atoms with more or fewer electrons than usual (charged atom)

80
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged

81
Q

Cation

A

positively charged

82
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Polar molecules tend to form hydrogen bonds with each other

83
Q

Hydrophobic

A

nonpolar do not like things with polar charge

84
Q

Ionic Compounds

A

Salts

85
Q

Weak Noncovalent bonds

A

reinforce the shapes of large molecules
help molecules interact with each other

86
Q

Polymer

A

macromolecules are made of these; built from monomers

87
Q

Lipids

A

hydrophobic
have a lot of carbon and hydrogen atoms
form nonpolar covalent bonds
very diverse group of molecules

88
Q

Fat Structure

A

constructed from a single glycerol and 3 fatty acids

89
Q

Triglyceride

A

at 3 spots there are 3 different fatty acid chains
energy storage molecule
fatty acid chains = long tails
super high in energy (H, C)

90
Q

Fatty Acid Characteristics

A

vary in length
vary in # and locations of double bonds between carbons
locations change structure and bond
have carboxyl group at one end
store large amounts of potential energy

91
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

have maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible
single bonds
straight line
solid at room temp
high in energy

92
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

have one or more double bonds between carbons in the fatty acid
bent line
liquid at room temp
high in energy

93
Q

Hydrogenation

A

hydrogen added under pressure to saturate unsaturated fats.

94
Q

Trans-Fats

A

common in processed food
less likely to be broken down
induce cholesterol production
heart disease risk

95
Q

Phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids
phosphate group
Head = polar (hydrophilic)
Tail = nonpolar (hydrophobic)
Results in bilayer arrangement in cell membrane

96
Q

Steroids Structure

A

lipids with 4 infused rings
ex: cholesterol

97
Q

Proteins

A

extremely abundant in cells
diverse 3D structure
diverse functions

98
Q

Polypeptide

A

protein consisting of more than 1 peptide
polymer of amino acids

99
Q

Amino Acids

A

20 different ones used to build proteins
differ in their properties due to differing R-groups
linked by peptide bonds (strong covalent bonds)

100
Q

R-group

A

20 unique ones
simple to complex
different properties

101
Q

4 groups of amino acids

A

nonpolar/hydrophobic
polar/hydrophilic
charged/acidic
charged/basic

102
Q

Nonpolar/hydrophobic

A

hydrocarbons

103
Q

Polar/Hydrophilic

A

N and C are highly electronegative and H and O are not = polar
form hydrogen bonds with each other

104
Q

Charged Acidic

A

full negative charge in R-group
Ionic

105
Q

Charged Basic

A

Full positive charge in R-group
Ionic

106
Q

Protein: Primary structure

A

unique sequence of amino acids
where amino acids go determine function of protein

107
Q

Protein: Secondary Structure

A

Folding/coiling into a repeating configuration
result of hydrogen bonding between amino acid functional groups
beads on a string
(helix/pleated sheet)

108
Q

Protein: Tertiary Structure

A

3D shape of polypeptide

109
Q

Protein: Quaternary Structure

A

aggregation of 2 or more polypeptide subunits

110
Q

Protein conformation depends on

A

physical and chemical conditions of the protein’s environment

111
Q

Denaturation

A

protein unravels and loses its shape

112
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

exhibits selective permeability

113
Q

6 Membrane Protein Functions

A

enzymatic function
signal transduction
intercellular joining
attach cytoskeleton to ECM
cell-cell recognition
receptor

114
Q

Cell-Cell Recognition

A

ability to distinguish one cell type from another
important for development of tissues and organs, immune system, and transplants

115
Q

Hydrophobic molecules and the Membrane

A

lipid soluble and can pass through membrane rapidly

116
Q

Polar (hydrophilic) Molecules and the Membrane

A

do not pass membrane quickly

117
Q

Transport Proteins

A

allow passage of hydrophilic substances across memebrane

118
Q

Passive Transport

A

diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy

119
Q

Diffusion

A

tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out evenly into the available space

120
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

the difference in concentration of a substance over space
substances diffuse down

121
Q

Active Transport

A

Needs energy to cross membrane
Travels against the concentration gradient

122
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water a cross a semipermeable membrane

123
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
always relative

124
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

Same concentration
the environment inside the cell is isotonic to the outside of the cell/the outside of the cell is isotonic to the inside of the cell

125
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

Above the concentration
Concentration of solute is higher/water is lower = cell loses water
if a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water will flow out of the cell, causing it to shrink

126
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

below the concentration
solution is hypertonic relative to the inside of the cell with is hypotonic
if a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water will flow into the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst

127
Q

Osmoregulation

A

adaptations to deal with hypertonic or hypotonic environments

128
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

passive transport aided by proteins (no energy)

129
Q

Most difficult to least difficult transporting across membrane

A

Ions, Large polar (most difficult)
Small polar, large nonpolar
small nonpolar (least difficult)

130
Q

Gated Channels

A

opened when bound to signal molecules or receive other stimuli

131
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

bind to a specific molecule inducing a substle shape change that translocates the solute-binding site across the membrane

132
Q

Cotransport

A

uses energy from the diffusion of one molecule to power the active transport of another

133
Q

Exocytosis

A

transport vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane, fuse with it, and release their contends (natural/protien-induced)

134
Q

Endocytosis

A

the cell takes in macromolecules by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane
phagocytosis/pinocytosis/receptor-mediated endocytosis

135
Q

Phagocytosis

A

food/large molecules

136
Q

Pinocytosis

A

water and small dissolved solutes

Biology 1107 (3 decks)

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