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chemistry > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is always formed in a chemical reaction?

A

A new substance

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2
Q

What are four sighns that a chemical reaction is occuring?

A

A colour change

A gas being produced (effervescence)

A solid being produced (precipitation)

An energy change

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3
Q

What are the differences between an exothermic and endothermic reaction?

A
  • Exothermic reactions RELEASE HEAT, causing the temperature of surroundings to rise.
    -Endo thermic reactions ABSORBS HEAT, causing the surrounding temperature to cool
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4
Q

Explain how changing the temperature, concentration and particle size of the reactant can change the rate of reaction

A

In order to increase the rate of reaction you
can:

Increase temperature

Increase concentration

Increase surface area

-Increasing the concentration means there are more reactant particle in a given space

-With an increase in temperature, there is an increase in the number of collisions.

-By decreasing the particle size of a reactant, we are increasing its surface area

the rate of reaction can change because th

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5
Q

what is the effect of a catalyst on a chemical reation ?

A

INCREASES THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION but it is not used up (remains chemically unchanged at the end)

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6
Q

Where can a enzyme and a catalyic converter be found and why are they important ?

A

Catalytic converter:
-found attached to the exaust pipe of a veicle
-Important because it converts the chemicals thats are bad for the environment into less toxic pollutants
Enzymes:
-can be found in living organisms stomach e.g. intestines and saliva
-important because they are a catalyst snd speed up chemical reactions and are not used up in the proccess.

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7
Q

what is the importance of making an experiment a fair test?
how can this be done?

A

-If the test is not done fairly, then it will DECREASE THE EFFECTIVENESS AND RELIABLITY OF THE EXPERIMENT because the results will be wrong
-can be done by measuing things consistantly, getting an average score and repeating the experiment multiple times

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8
Q

what is the importance of making an experiment a fair test?
how can this be done?

A

-If the test is not done fairly, then it will DECREASE THE EFFECTIVENESS AND RELIABLITY OF THE EXPERIMENT because the results will be wrong
-can be done by measuing things consistantly, getting an average score and repeating the experiment multiple times

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9
Q

What is an atom ?
what is a molecule ?
what is a compound ?

A

Atom : Atom are the bulding blocks of everything and is the smallest particle of an element

MOLECULE: A molecule is made up of two or more atoms that are NOT chemically bonded together

COMPOUND: a compound is made up of two or more different types of atom chemially bonded together

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10
Q

What does covalent bonding exist between?

A

Covalent bonding exists between NON-METAL ELEMENTS

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11
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

It is an ectrostatic attraction between both nuclei in the bond and the shared pair(s) of electrons

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12
Q

why do non-metal atoms join covalently?

A

in order to acheive a full shell of electrons

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13
Q

What is meant by a lone pair of electrons?

A

a lone pair is a pair of electrons which are in the outer shell if a covalently bonded atom but are not involved in the bonding.

e.g. the oxygen in a water molecule has 2 lone pairs

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14
Q

what are the differences between covalent molecules and covalent networks?

A

covalent molecules are just one bond, and cant expand
Covalent networks are a huge network of and element and can expand

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15
Q

what are three types of covalent network elements?

A

Boron carbon and silicon

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16
Q

What are 2 covalent network compounds?

A

Carbon Sulfide
Silicon Dioxide

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17
Q

What does an ionic bond exist between?

A

between metals and non-metals

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18
Q

what is an ion?

A

an atom or molecule that has an electric charge because it has lost or gained one or more electrons

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19
Q

How does the process of electron transfer lead to an ionic bond

A
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20
Q

Explain the charge on metals as they become ions

A

Metal atoms lose electrons from their outer shell when they form ions: the ions are positive, because they have more protons than electrons.

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21
Q

Explain the charge on non metals as they become ions

A

The outer shells of non-metal atoms gain electrons when they form ions: the ions formed are negative, because they have more electrons than protons.

22
Q

Describe the structure on ionic compounds

A

Ions form giant lattice structures
because the ions attract each other and form a regular pattern with OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS NEXT TO EACH OTHER.

23
Q

What kind of elements does metallic bonding exist between?

A

Metallic elements

24
Q

What does metallic bonding involve?

A

Outer electrons delocalise from atoms, leaving positive metal ions in a “sea”of delocalised electrons

25
Q

Why do metals conduct electricity?
(in terms of outer electrons )

A

the delocalised elecrons(metalic bonding) wich are negatively charged makes an electrostatic force of attraction between the metal ions (posotive)

26
Q

What are the properties of covalent molecules in terms of
-conduction
-melting and boling points ?
(include a description of intermolecular forcess )

A

-low melting points and boiling points
-do not conduct electricity
-intermolecular forces are small

27
Q

What are the properties of a covalent network in terms of :
-conduction
-melting and boiling points
(include any exceptions )

A

-a very high melting and boiling point
-never conducts(EXCEPT FROM GRAPHITE)

28
Q

What are the properties of ionic compounds in terms of :
-conduction
-melting and boiling points

A

-high melting and boiling points
-conducts only when molten or in a solution

29
Q

Describe the process of cell division.

A

cell division is the process where a cell divides to form two identical daughter cells; the nucleus divides first followwed by the cytoplasm

30
Q

Give two reasons why cell division is important to animals.

A

1.growth
2.repair

31
Q

Describe the structure and role of chromosomes.

A

-chromisomes are x shapes structures
-chromisomes carry information in the form of gemes. human cells 23 pairs of chromisomes (46 in total)

32
Q

How are cells produced and how many chromisomes does the new cell have compared to the old one

A

cells are produced by cell division have the same number of chromisomes as the origional cell.

33
Q

Name the disease caused by uncontrolled cell division.

A

Cancer

34
Q

what happenes when cells divide out of controll?

A

It forms a moss of abnormal cells called a TUMOUR

35
Q

Describe how stem cells differ from other cell types in the body.

A

stem cells have the ability to become any type of cell

36
Q

Name two processes which require stem cells.

A

1.growth
2.repair

37
Q

Describe one current use of stem cells in medicine.

A

bone marrow transpalant to treat lucemia

38
Q

Describe the role of DNA.

A

DNA controls our characeristics and contains the instructions for our cells to work properly.

39
Q

Everyones DNA is ________ .

A

Unique

40
Q

Give the location where DNA is stored in the cell.

A

DNA is found in the NUCLEUS

41
Q

Describe the structure of DNA.

A

The two parts of DNA are called the back bone and bases(the bases contain the genetic information)

The Bases are used in combination with each other to make genes

Dna looks like a ladder, the bases are the rungs, and the backbone is the uprites

42
Q

Describe the role of genes.

A

Genes are genetic information that is passed from a parent to an offspring which determines the characteristics of the offspring

43
Q

Describe the role of proteins.

A

Proteins enable the cell to preform special functions for example a mucle cell contracting

44
Q

Describe how the DNA is able to fit into the nucleus of a cell.

A

because the dna is extremely thin and is tightly packed into the nucleus

45
Q

Describe the term variation.

A

Variation is the different characteristics and differences between individulas of the same species of animal

46
Q

Why does variation arise ?

A

as a result of genes and environment.

47
Q

Define the terms continuous and discrete variation.

A

Continuous:
has a range of variation for example height
Discrete:
variation that falls into distinct groups for example blood type

48
Q

Describe how offspring inherit features from their parents.

A

-genetic information is passed from parents to offspring

-this genetic information is in the form of genes which contain the instrucions for each characeristic

49
Q

Define the terms allele, dominant and recessive.

A

allele:
The different forms of genes
dominant:
an allele which always shows up in the characteristic of an organism
recessive:
an allele which shows up if there are two recessive alleles present

50
Q

State that every cell has ______ copies of every gene.

A

two

chemistry (5 decks)

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