Biology UT2 Flashcards
Identify the five structures found in an animal cell from a diagram.
cytoplasm
cell membrane
nucleus
ribosomes
mitochondria
Give the functions of the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes and mitochondria.
-Nucleus:
Controlls the function of the cell
-Cytoplasm:
The site of chemical reations
-Cell membrane:
Controls which substances can enter and exit the cell
-Ribisomes:
The site of protein sythesis
-Mitochondria:
Thr site of aerobic resperation
Identify the eight structures found in a plant cell from a diagram.
-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm
-cell membrane
-ribisomes
-Mitochondria
-cell wall
-chloroplasts
-vacule
Give the functions of the chloroplasts, cell wall and vacuole.
-chloroplasts:
the site of proeiteinsythesis
-cell wall:
gives the cell a rigid structure
-vacule:
stores substances
Identify the seven structures found in a fungal cell from a diagram.
-nucleus
-cellwall
-cell membrane
-vacule
-ribisomes
-mitochondria
-cytoplasm
Identify the seven structures found in a bacterial cell from a diagram.
-cell membrane
-genetic material
-cytoplasm
-ribisomes
-cell wall
-plasmid
-flagellum
Describe what a plasmid is.
A plasmid is an extra ring of DNA
Give two properties of microorganisms.
1.they grow and divide quickly
2. they are capable of using a vareity of sources
Name three products made using yeast.
-Bread
-wine
-beer
Give the word equation for yeast fermentation.
sugar——–>alcahol + carbon dioxide
Name two products made using bacteria.
-Yoghurt
-cheese
Describe the role of the enzyme rennet.
rennet is used to solidify the milk and add flavour turns the milk into CURDS AND WHEY
Describe what biofuels are.
Biofuels are renewable fuels which are made using bacteria
Give one example of a biofuel.
biodesel or gasahol
Give three reasons cells require energy.
-to carry out chemical reactions
-repair
-cell division
-movement
-growth
Identify which main food group contains the most energy.
FAT
Give the word equation for aerobic respiration.
sugar+oxygen——>carbon dioxide+water+a lot of energy
Describe the process of cell division.
cell division is the process where a cell divides to form two identical daughter cells; the nucleus divides first followwed by the cytoplasm
Give two reasons why cell division is important to animals.
1.growth
2.repair
Describe the structure and role of chromosomes.
-chromisomes are x shapes structures
-chromisomes carry information in the form of gemes. human cells 23 pairs of chromisomes (46 in total)
How are cells produced and how many chromisomes does the new cell have compared to the old one
cells are produced by cell division have the same number of chromisomes as the origional cell.
Name the disease caused by uncontrolled cell division.
Cancer
what happenes when cells divide out of controll?
It forms a moss of abnormal cells called a TUMOUR
Describe how stem cells differ from other cell types in the body.
stem cells have the ability to become any type of cell
Name two processes which require stem cells.
1.growth
2.repair
Describe one current use of stem cells in medicine.
bone marrow transpalant to treat lucemia
Describe the role of DNA.
DNA controls our characeristics and contains the instructions for our cells to work properly.
Everyones DNA is ________ .
Unique
Give the location where DNA is stored in the cell.
DNA is found in the NUCLEUS
Describe the structure of DNA.
The two parts of DNA are called the back bone and bases(the bases contain the genetic information)
The Bases are used in combination with each other to make genes
Dna looks like a ladder, the bases are the rungs, and the backbone is the uprites
Describe the role of genes.
Genes are genetic information that is passed from a parent to an offspring which determines the characteristics of the offspring
Describe the role of proteins.
Proteins enable the cell to preform special functions for example a mucle cell contracting
Describe how the DNA is able to fit into the nucleus of a cell.
it can package itself into a chromosome
Describe the term variation.
Variation is the different characteristics and differences between individulas of the same species of animal
Why does variation arise ?
as a result of genes and environment.
Define the terms continuous and discrete variation.
Continuous:
has a range of variation for example height
Discrete:
variation that falls into distinct groups for example blood type
Describe how offspring inherit features from their parents.
-genetic information is passed from parents to offspring
-this genetic information is in the form of genes which contain the instrucions for each characeristic
Define the terms allele, dominant and recessive.
allele:
The different forms of genes
dominant:
an allele which always shows up in the characteristic of an organism
recessive:
an allele which shows up if there are two recessive alleles present
State that every cell has ______ copies of every gene.
two
Describe how a respirometer measures the rate of respiration.
1.measures the uptake of oxygen
2.oxygen is used up in resperation
3.carbon dioxide is released
4.the volume of air in the chamber decreases
5.this makes the die move up the tube
Name three factors which affect the rate of respiration.
1.oxygen content
2.temperature
3.water content
Describe how temperature affects the rate of respiration.
the reactants of resperation are controlled by enzymes.
enzymes speed up chemical reactions but can be destroyed by high temperatures.
As the temperature increases the rate of resperation increasesnuntil an optimum temperature and then it decreases
when does fermentation occur
when oxygen is absent
fermentation releases ______ energy compared to _______ __________.
fermentation releases LESS energy compared to AEROBIC RESPIRATION.
Give the word equation for fermentation in animal cells.
sugar ———-> alcahol + carbon dioxide + a litte energy
Name the condition caused by a build-up of lactate in the muscles.
muscle fatigue
