Test #2 Flashcards
Topic 1: Classification
Cards 2-14
Taxonomy
study of identification and classification of living things
Classify to:
- organize the diversity of life
- make it easier to remember organisms’ traits when grouped
- show relatedness between organisms
Classification pyramid
- Dr. King Phil Came Over For Great Soup
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
The three living things in domain is
- eukarya
- bacteria
- archaea (type of bacteria)
Binomial nomenclature
identifies species using genus (1st) & species (2nd)
- genus name is capitalized
- name is italicized if typed, underlined if
handwritten
Scientific name benefits
- no mistake about what the animal is
- seldom change
- universal
Biological species definition
ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Typological species definition
similar characteristics
Phylogenetic species definition
determined by evolutionary history
Morphological characters
physical features that distinguish species
Biochemical characters
differences in DNA sequences & chromosome #s that distinguish species
Dichotomous key
series of two questions in pairs that eventually lead to an organism as it’s answered
Cladogram
diagram that shows shared traits that have evolved over time
- animal above trait has listed trait
- closer 2 animals are, the more closely related
- traits listed before 1st animal are ancestral traits
Topic 2: Describing Populations
cards 16-32
Immi/Emigration
immigration = enters, population increases
emigration = exits, population decreases
Nata/Mortality
natality = births, population increases
mortality = deaths, population decreases
Carrying capacity
largest number of individuals that a given environment can support long term
- most populations fluctuate around CC
- can change
Population density
count of the # of individuals divided by the area
Limiting factor
keeps a population from continuing to increase indefinitely
- 2 types- density-dependent, density-independent
Density-dependent factors
depends on population size, usually biotic
- ex: predation, disease, competition, parasitism,
abiotic- natural disasters
Density-independent factors
affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size
- ex: human altercations of landscape, forest fire,
pollution
Logistic growth
- population changes in a limited environment
- organisms do NOT have all resources for success
- population grows until it reaches carrying capacity
equation: dN/dt = rN[(K-N)/K] - S-shaped curve
- steeper slope/more individuals = faster growth
- growth eventually slows until it levels off
- limiting factors keep pop from continuing to grow
Exponential growth
- population changes in an UNlimited environment
- equation: dN/dt = rN
- organisms have all resources for success
- J-shaped curve
- steeper slope/more individuals = faster growth
Reproductive patterns affect carrying capacity
- R-strategist
- K-strategist
R-strategist
- environment: unpredictable
- organism size: small
- life span: short
- offspring #: many w/ little energy spent in raising them
- strategy: produce many offspring in little time to take advantage of favorable conditions
K-strategist
- environment: predictable
- organism size: large
- life span: long
- offspring #: few w/ lots energy spent in raising them
- strategy: produce few offspring that have a better chance of surviving and reproducing
Population range
larger geographical area where a population exists
Dispersion/Dispersal patterns
physical arrangement of the individuals
- 3 types: even/uniform, clumped, random
Even/uniform dispersion
***
Clumped dispersion
*** *
Random dispersion
*
* *
Topic 3: Vocab
cards 34-40
Organism
type of living thing
Population
some type of living things
Community
groups of populations
Ecosystem
biotic and abiotic components of an environment
Biome
large area defined by climate and vegetation
Biosphere
all places on Earth where life exists
Habitat
places where an organism lives
Topic 4: Ecosystem and Biome Ecology
cards 42-52
Community
group of different species that live in the same area and interact
Pioneer species
the first species to arrive at a disturbed area
Range of tolerance
upper and lower limit of an environmental factor that defines the conditions in which a species can survive
Ecological succession
change in an ecosystem when one community replaces another
- 2 types: primary (no topsoil) and secondary (soil)
Primary succession
pioneer species breaks down rocks using enzymes to form soil
- sequence of events: pioneers colonize - pioneers die - organic matter to soil - small weeds/ferns grow - soil builds - shrubs grow
Secondary succession
orderly and predictable change that occurs when community is removed but soil is intact
- pioneer species are plants
- often occurs after floods, earthquakes, fires
Climax community
mature and stable community that changed little over time
Weather
atmospheric conditions of a specific area at a specific time
Climate
average atmospheric conditions of a specific area
Biome
group of ecosystems with similar climates and similarly adapted organisms
Climatograph
climate graph
- months on x-axis
- precipitation & temperature on y-axis
- bars represent precip and line represent temp
Topic 5: Community Interactions
cards 54-64
Symbiosis
any relationship in which two species live closely together
Mutualism
symbiotic relationship between 2 organisms both benefit from their interactions: +,+
Commensalism
symbiotic relationship between 2 organisms where one benefits and the other isn’t affected: +,0
Amensalism
symbiotic relationship between 2 organisms where one harms another w/o any costs/benefits to itself: 0,-
Parasitism
symbiotic relationship between 2 organisms where one benefits and the other is harmed: +,-
Predation
one organism (predator), kills & consumes another organism (prey) for food & gaining energy: +,killed
Competition
rivalry between/among living things for a limited resource: -,-
Intra/Interspecific
intra = the same species
inter = different species
Niche
role/job in the community
Niche partitioning
process that occurs when competing species show different patterns of resource use
Ways to partition
size, altitude, time
Topic 6: Biodiversity
cards 66-71
Biodiversity
variety of life
- 3 types: genetic, species, ecosystem
Genetic diversity
variety of genes/inheritable traits in a population
Species diversity
variety of different organisms in an area
Species richness
how many different species are present
Species evenness
relative amount of each species
Ecosystem diversity
variety of different ecosystems in an area
- regions closer to equator have more eco diversity
