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CCP Ecology > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

Char. of Life, Eco Vocab, Water Prop., pH, Matter Movement, Photosynthesis, Eco En Flow, Evolution

1
Q

Topic 1- Characteristics of Life

A

Cards 2 - 9

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2
Q

1st trait- All living things reproduce

A

asexual- no special cells, sexual- special cells

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3
Q

2nd trait- all living things are made of cells

A

prokaryotic- small, simple, no nucleus, unicellular
eukaryotic- larger, complex, nucleus, uni/multicellular

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4
Q

3rd trait- all living things obtain & use energy (metabolism)

A

autotroph- produce own food for energy
heterotroph- consume other organisms for energy

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5
Q

4th trait- all living things respond to stimuli in environment

A
  • takes sec/min/day/weeks
    ex. plant bending towards sunlight: stimulus = sunlight, response = bending
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6
Q

5th trait- all living things have genetic material (DNA/RNA)

A

DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA = ribonucleic acid

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7
Q

6th trait- all living things grow and develop

A
  • over individual’s lifetime
    ex: humans getting larger & getting permanent teeth
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8
Q

7th trait- all living things adapt as a population and change over time

A
  • takes 1000s of years
    ex: humans in general have gotten taller
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9
Q

8th trait- all living things maintain stable internal environment

A

stable internal environment = homeostasis which is organism’s desired temperature

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10
Q

Topic 2 - Ecology General Vocab

A

Cards 11-15

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11
Q

Organism

A

a living thing made up of one or more cells and able to carry on the activities of life

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12
Q

Population

A

a group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time

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13
Q

Ecology

A

study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment

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14
Q

Abiotic vs Biotic

A

abiotic = non-living (part of an ecosystem that shapes its environment)
biotic = living (organism that shapes its environment)

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15
Q

Matter goes through both

A

biotic and abiotic environmental components

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16
Q

Topic 3 - Water Properties

A

Cards 17-24

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17
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

the way water bonds to other water molecules

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18
Q

Water is the ONLY

A

substance on Earth that can exist in all 3 states of matter (solid, liquid, gas)

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19
Q

Has a high Specific Heat

A

takes great energy to change temp of water
- temps less extreme by large bodies of water

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20
Q

Is a universal solvent

A

solute- substance dissolved to make a solution
solvent - substance solvent dissolves in

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21
Q

Surface Tension

A

attraction of molecules at the surface

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22
Q

Capillary Action

A

flow against gravity

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23
Q

Cohesion

A

attracted to self

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24
Q

Adhesion

A

attracted to other substance
- “ad” two substances together

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25
Q

Topic 4 - pH

A

Cards 26-30

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26
Q

pH measures

A

concentration of the H+ ion- changes to pH threaten homeostasis

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27
Q

Acidic

A

0-6 on the pH scale

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28
Q

Basic/Alkalinity

A

8-14 on the pH scale

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29
Q

Neutral

A

7 on the pH scale (water is an example of this)

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30
Q

Buffer

A

substance that minimizes changes to pH

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31
Q

Topic 5 - Movement of Matter

A

Cards 32-46

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32
Q

Water Cycle

A

Precipitation - Surface Runoff/Groundwater - Evaporation (ocean, lakes, streams)/Transpiration (plants) - Condensation

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33
Q

Transpiration

A

process that involves loss of water vapor through the stomata of plants

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34
Q

Percolation

A

seepage or filtration of a liquid through a porous substance

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35
Q

Carbon cycle

A

Atmospheric CO2 - photosynthesis - respiration/feeding/death / Atmospheric CO2 - respiration / Atmospheric CO2 - combustion / Atmospheric CO2 - respiration - fossil fuel formation - combustion

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36
Q

Sources of CO2 in atmosphere

A

combustion, respiration

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37
Q

Carbon sinks for CO2 from atmosphere

A

coal, oil, natural gas, peat

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38
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A
  1. Atmospheric nitrogen - n-fixing bacteria - nitrates in soil
    • n-fix - nit in soil - feeding organism - death/waste - deamination - nitrification by nitrifying bacteria - nitrites - nitrates - nit in soil
    • nitrogen fixation - n-fix - ammonia - nitrification by nitrifying bacteria - nitrites - nitrates - nit in soil
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39
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

chemical process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia & other N-containing compounds, which is absorbed by organisms

40
Q

Denitrification

A

removes nitrogen from the soil

41
Q

Decomposition

A

process by which bacteria and fungi break dead organisms into their simple compounds

42
Q

Phosphorus cycle

A

Producer - secondary consumer - tertiary consumer/decomposition

43
Q

Ecosystem

A

biotic and abiotic factors in the same area

44
Q

Matter

A

something that occupies space and has mass

45
Q

Erosion

A

geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water

46
Q

Topic 6 - Photosynthesis

A

Cards 47-56

47
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

cells store energy as this molecule

48
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

49
Q

Glucose

A

chemical energy produced by photosynthesis

50
Q

Stomata

A

openings on underside of leaf- allows CO2 to enter, allows some O and water vapor to leave

51
Q

Guard cells

A

control opening and closing of the stomata

52
Q

Thylakoids

A

flattened, saclike membranes- located in the chloroplast

53
Q

Light-Dependent Reaction (phase 1 of photosynthesis)

A
  • occurs in thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts
  • thylakoids have pigments (light absorbing molecules) & major 1 is chlorophyll
54
Q

Light-Dependent Reaction Steps

A
  1. Light energy excites electrons in pigments
  2. Water splits & releases electrons, H+ ions, & O2
  3. Electrons make NADPH – energy storage molecule
  4. H+ ions go from thylakoid membranes to stroma
  5. Movement causes ADP to convert to ATP
    - NADPH & ATP used in phase 2
55
Q

Light-Independent Reaction (phase 2 of photosynthesis)

A
  1. CO2 combines w/ RuBP w/ help of Rubisco (enzyme) to make 3-PGA
  2. Energy from NADPH & ATP convert 3-PGA to G3P
  3. Some G3P leaves cycle to help make glucose & some helps convert G3P to RuBP
    - also called Calvin cycle
56
Q

During cold temperatures, chlorophyll breaks down and

A

accessory pigments (pigments beside green- red/orange/gold) are visible

57
Q

Topic 7 - Energy Flow in Ecosystems

A

Cards 58-66

58
Q

Ecosystem

A

biotic and abiotic factors in the same area

59
Q

Trophic level

A

an organism’s position in a food chain

60
Q

Producer

A

gets energy from the Sun and creates its own food

61
Q

Primary consumer

A

herbivore- eats plants

62
Q

Secondary and tertiary consumers

A

secondary- omnivore/carnivore, tertiary- usually carnivore

63
Q

Decomposer

A

uses CHEMICAL means to break down dead matter

64
Q

Detritivore

A

uses MECHANICAL means to break down dead matter

65
Q

Energy decreases as it goes up in trophic levels because

A

the majority is lost (90%) as heat to the environment

66
Q

Pyramids of Energy (kCal), Numbers (organism), and Biomass (kg)

A

Tertiary consumers - 1 kCal/organism/kg
Secondary consumers - 10 kCals/organisms/kg
Primary consumers - 100 kCals/organisms/kg
Producers - 1000 kCals/organisms/kg

67
Q

Topic 8 - Evolution

A

Cards 68-95

68
Q

Micro/Macroevolution

A

Micro = SMALL change in allele frequencies over many generations
Macro = LARGE change in allele frequencies over longer periods

69
Q

Four things needed for evolution by natural selection

A
  1. Living things overproduce
  2. There’s heritable variation (has genetic basis) in offspring
  3. There’s a struggle to survive and reproduce
  4. Offspring that survive make offspring w/ advantageous variations to next generations - reproductive advantage
70
Q

Selective pressure

A

variables that cause some phenotypes to be more successful than others

71
Q

Adaptation

A

trait that makes a living thing able to survive and reproduce in its surroundings

72
Q

Speciation

A

adaptations in a species become so great that a new species develops

73
Q

Morphological/Typological species concept

A

species defined based on observable traits- mostly what people could see

74
Q

Biological species concept

A

species defined based on whether the organism could reproduce and have fertile offspring

75
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

organisms that share a common ancestor & can be distinguished from other sets of organisms is considered a species

76
Q

How Speciation Occurs

A
  1. Geographic isolation
  2. Reproductive isolation
  3. Accumulation of genetic differences
    - 1-3. is allopatric speciation
    - 2-3. is sympatric speciation
77
Q

Natural selection: Directional selection

A

one of extremes isn’t good & decreases, other extreme increases

78
Q

Natural selection: Stabilizing selection

A

extremes of trait aren’t good & decrease, average is best & increases

79
Q

Natural selection: Disruptive selection

A

average trait isn’t good & decreases, extremes are better & increase

80
Q

Mutation

A

random, permanent changes to DNA
- can be unfavorable, neutral, or favorable

81
Q

Gene flow

A

migration of individuals between populations; changes alleles

82
Q

Gene flow increases

A

variation, leads to more chances for population to change

83
Q

Sexual selection

A

favors individuals that are better suited to mate & reproduce; sexes decide who is the best suited

  • if certain trait increases reproductive success, will increase in frequency
84
Q

Genetic drift

A

random changes in allele frequency from one generation to the next
- 2 types: bottleneck and founder effect

85
Q

Bottleneck

A

dramatic event greatly reduces population, this decreases variation

86
Q

Founder Effect

A

when a SMALLER number of individuals leave a population & colonize an area- decreases variation

87
Q

Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium

A

model of conditions a population must meet if they are NOT evolving

88
Q

5 Conditions of H-W equilibrium

A

M- no Mutations
S- no Selection between phenotypes
G- no Gene flow
I- Infinite population size
R- mating is Random

89
Q

Fossil record

A

transitional fossils show similarities between modern species and extinct species

90
Q

Biogeography

A

species are found close to other species they’re closely related to, with some exceptions due to continental drift

91
Q

Homologous structures

A

structures that look different in adults but come from the same embryonic tissues

92
Q

Homologous vs Analogous Structures

A

Homologous- SAME ancestry, different function
- ex: vertebrate forelimbs
Analogous- DIFFERENT ancestry, same function
- ex: birds wings vs insect wings

93
Q

Vestigial organs

A

organs that are reduced in size and no longer function

94
Q

Comparative embryology

A

similar patterns of development occur in organisms

95
Q

Genetic code similarities

A

all living things have DNA as genetic material; similarities in gene proteins that work in all living things

CCP Ecology (4 decks)

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