Test 2 Flashcards by Devon Holly

What did Louis Pasteur contribute to microbiology

Refuted the idea of spontaneous generation

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What did Antony Van Leeuwenhoek state

First to observe & accurately describe microbial life

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Robert Koch created (4) postulates that stated what

proved casual relationship between a microorganism & disease

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The size of prokaryotic cells have been found to vary over how many orders of magnitude

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Who was the first Scientist to observe microorganisms wiht a homemade microscope

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek

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Koch’s Postulates

Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease & absent from healthy individuals
The putative causative agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture
The same disease must result when the cultured microorganism is used to infect a health host.
The same microorganism must be isolated again from the disease

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bacteria & archea have cells walls but are different. how do they differ?

Bacteria has Peptidoglycan
Archea lacks Peptidoglycan

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4 ways early Taxonomists classify prokaryotes

Motile or nonmotile
Unicellular
Human Pathogen or not
Photosynthetic

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A dormant state in response to harsh conditions i.e Heat

Endospore

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An addition gelatinous layer that surrounds the other wall layers is called what

Bacterial Capsule

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what is the S-layer

a rigid paracrystalline layer in some bacteria and archea

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area in Prokaryotes that store materials such as carbon

Inclusion Bodies

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type of Horizontal Gene transfer that take DNA from ENVIRONMENT

Transformation

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type of Horizontal Gene transfer that transfer DNA through cell-to-cell contact

Conjucation

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type of Horizontal Gene transfer that transfers DNA by Viruses

Transduction

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What Test can identify Mutagenic Compounds

Ames

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What kind of Prokaryotes get energy from inorganic CO2

Autotrophs

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what kind of Prokaryotes get energy from organic molecules

Heterotrophs

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Photoautotroph

uses inorganic compounds to synthesize

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Bacteria that’s energy source is light, ORGANIC carbon & electrons

Photoorganoheterotrophs

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Prokaryotes that harvest both energy from carbon & organic molecules

Chemoheterotrophs

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What disease does bacteria not cause (mosquitoes)

Malaria

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What does fertilizer do for oil spills

encourages microbe growth to break down oil

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Why are beans & legumes used in nitrogen rotations

Bacteria in legume root nodules fix nitrogen

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Bacteria that can Oxidize INORGANIC molecules like ammonia & Sulfur

Chemolithoautotrophs

Bacteria that obtain carbon from ORGANIC molecules

Chemoorganoheterotrophs

What is foraminifera

Collection of pore-studded shells

Proliferation of this caused the potato famine

Oomycete

What is the Best DNA to study algae

Nuclear

What evidence in Protist shows evolution of mitosis

Nuclear membrane fails to break down

What happens in the conjugation in Ciliates

Micronuclei are exchanged & replaced

Large brown Algae belong to which group

Stramenopiles

What group does malarial parasite belong to

Alveolata

Most Ciliates how two types of what

Nuclei

What type of Protist lack flagella & centrioles

Rhodophytes

What is Schizogony

Protist cell division

what are two Autotrophic Protist

Chemoautotrophic, Photosynthetic

How many supergroups of protist

Diplomonads have two of these per cell

Nuclei

Euglenozoans lack this making them flexible protein strips

cell wall

What is the Protein Sheath that protect Genetic information

Capsid

What reverse transcribes RNA into DNA

Reverse Transcriptase

What is the active Phase for viruses

Lytic

what is the Latent phase for viruses

Lysogenic

Do viruses have DNA or RNA or both

either or

how is Viruses genetic material organized (double or single stranded or both)

Both

T/F Viruses lack their own ribosomes & enzymes for protein synthesis

True

Characteristics of RNA Viruses

-Mostly Single celled -Replicate in host cell cytoplasm -Replication is Error prom (high Mutation) -Flu, Measles

Characteristics of DNA Viruses

-Mostly Double stranded -Replicated in Nucleus -Smallpox, herpes

Characteristics of Retroviruses

-Backwards RNA to DNA -Single stranded reverse transcriptase into double stranded DNA -HIV

how do (+) RNA replicate

Reverse transcriptase with ribosomes

How are viruses usually classified

Gene Expression

What are Prions

Proteinaceous infectious particles

What is the order of Lytic Cycle in Viruses

Attachment-Penetration-Synthesis-Assembly-Release

What is the order of the Lysogenic Cycle in Viruses

Attachment-intergration-Propagation-induction-Assembly-Release

what is a Bacteriophage

Bacteria that affects a Virus

what is Biofilm

Communities of microorganisms that attach to one another

what is a Plasmid

Small extrachromosomal DNA molecule

What are the 2 domains of Prokaryotes

Bacteria, Archaea

Characteristics of Prokaryote cell size

varies, but smaller than 1 μm

What happens in Binary fission of Prokaryotes

Replication of DNA, elongation of cell & divides in half

Characteristics of internal compartment of Prokaryotes

no membrane bound organelles -plasma membrane can be folded to increase surface area

What bacteria is Rod shaped

Bacillus

what bacteria is Spherical

Coccus

what bacteria is helical

Sprillum

What is the S layer in prokaryotes

Slime layer, Paracrystalline structure outside cell wall made of protein or glycoprotein

How are Prokaryotes usually classified

Photosynthetic ability, Cell wall structure, Motility

T/F Bacteria and Archaea both have Peptidoglycan in cell wall

False, only Bacteria

What color is gram stain (+) bacteria

Purple

What color is gram stain (-) bacteria

Pink

Does gram positive or negative bacteria have a thicker Peptidoglycan layer

Positive, thats why it retains the stain

What are resilient (especially to heat) bacteria called

Endospores

Characteristics of Botulism

caused by Clostridium botulinum in improperly canned food

Characteristics of Chlamydia

caused by chlamydia trachomatis by sexual contact

Characteristics of Cholera

caused by Vibrio cholera through human feces in water sources, get diarrhea

Characteristics of gonorrhea

casued by neisseri gonorrhoeae through sexual contact

Characteristics Lyme disease

caused by Borrelia birgdoferi from ticks, deer, small rodents

Characteristics of Peptic ulcers

caused by helicobacter pylori, causes ulcers in stomach

Characteristics of the plague

caused by yersinia pestis in fleas, killed 1/4 of European population

Characteristics of tuberculosis

caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, infects lungs of humans

Characteristics of Excavata Duolomonads

Ex Giardia, has flagella, 2 haploid nuclei no mitochondria, causes diarrhea

Characteristics of Excavata Parabasalids

Ex Trichomonas Vaginalis, Causes STD, ruffled edge, flagella

Characteristics of Euglenozoans Euglenids

Ex Euglena, help lower cholesterol, light sensitive

Characteristics of Euglenozoans Parasitid Kinetoplastids

Ex Trypanosomes. single montochondrion, causes chagas disease

Characteristics of Stramenopila Brown Algae

Ex Kelp, has no cellulose walls, orgin is haplodiplotonic

Characteristics of Stramenopila Diatoms

has silica cell walls, is photosynthetic

Characteristics of Stramenopila Oomycetes

Ex Phytophthora, look like fungi, important plant pathogen

Characteristics Alveolata Dinoflagellates,

silica cell walls, photosynthetic

Characteristics of Alveolata Apicomplexans

has microtubles, causes malaria

Characteristics of Rhizaria Foramnifera

heterotrophic, pore studded shells, follisls are geological markers

Characteristics of Rhizaria Ceercozoa

needle like pseudopods, can photosynthesize

Characteristics of Archaeplastida Rhodophyta

Ex red algae, cause Red tide toxin that is deadly to fish, birds, mamals

Characteristics of Archaeplastida Chlorophyta

Ex Volvox. many flagellated cells

Characteristics of Amoeboza Amoebas

Ex Naegleria fowleri, destroys brain tissue

Characteristics of Amoeboza Slime Molds

important for studying cell differentiation