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Biology 2 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

seeds

A

reproductive structure produced by angiosperms
sexual repro
contains embryo that develops into seedlings
stored food
protective covering

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2
Q

alternation of generations

A

alternation between a diploid(2N) from a sporophyte and a haploid(1N) from a gametophyte

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3
Q

gametophyte

A

gamete producing plant form
multicellular(2 or 7)
microscopic in flowering plants
grow and develop in flowers
mitosis
1N to 1N and 1N`

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4
Q

sporophyte

A

spore producing plant form
multicellular
large plant in flowering plants
meiosis and cytokinesis
2N to 4N

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5
Q

syngamy

A

fertilization resulting in a diploid zygote that undergoes mitosis to form an embryo

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6
Q

embryo

A

sporophyte that lies dormant inside a seed with a food supply and seed coat until conditions are favorable

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7
Q

plant body

A

composed of stem, leaves, and roots

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8
Q

shoot stem

A

stems that produces leaves and branches that bear reproductive structures (fruit, flower, seed)
leaves that are flattened structures specialized in photosynthesis

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9
Q

root system

A

roots provide an anchor into the soil, store food/ water, and absorb water/ minerals

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10
Q

intermediate growth

A

increase in size until the plant dies

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11
Q

3 means of growth

A
  1. increase number of cells
  2. increase cell size
  3. increase weight
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12
Q

development

A
  1. flowers and flower buds develop
  2. flower tissue protects and encloses gametophytes
  3. fruit encloses the seed
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13
Q

determinant growth

A

modified stem and leaf

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14
Q

meristem

A

cell factories that make seedlings and mature plants
produce new tissue
dormant meristems occur at shoot and root tips

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15
Q

mature sporophyte development

A

plants undergo vegetative and reproductive growth
specialized cells, tissue, organs, organ system, root/shoot system, then plant

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16
Q

primary growth

A

plant organs elongate
primary tissue produced from apical meristems

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17
Q

primary xylem

A

vascular conducting tissue
water and minerals

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18
Q

primary phloem

A

vascular conducting tissue
food and solutes

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19
Q

epidermis

A

dermal tissue
protection

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20
Q

parenchyma

A

most abundant
storage
cortex/ pith

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21
Q

collenchyma

A

protection and support of growing organs
cortex

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22
Q

sclerenchyma

A

protection and support of non-elongating organs
cortex

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23
Q

secondary growth

A

expansion of plant organs
lateral meristems
roots and stems only
produces secondary woody tissue

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24
Q

lateral meristems

A

increases diameter of plant organ
ring of cells
produces secondary tissue

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25
Q

secondary xylem

A

wood

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26
Q

secondary phloem

A

outer bark

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27
Q

periderm

A

outer bark

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28
Q

eudicots

A

oak, hickories, elm, roses, mums
primary growth in all, secondary in some

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29
Q

monocots

A

grass, lilies, tulips, irises
primary growth only

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30
Q

root system

A

absorb water/ nutrients, store nutrients/ water, and anchor plant

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31
Q

taproot

A

eudicot
one main root

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32
Q

fibrous root

A

monocot
spread out shallowly under the dirt

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33
Q

root cell divison

A

root apical meristem and root cap
RAM contains dividing cells
root tips embed into lubricating mucigel

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34
Q

root elongation

A

cells extend via H2O uptake

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35
Q

root maturation

A

root cell differentiation and tissue specialization
identified by root hairs that increase uptake

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36
Q

internal root

A

root cortex
endodermis
meristematic pericycle encloses root vascular tissue
woody roots produce primary vascular tissue

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37
Q

root cortex

A

epidermis enclosed in cylinder of parenchyma
rich in starch
intercellular air spaces

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38
Q

endodermis

A

selective absorption of minerals
inner layer

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39
Q

vascular cylinder

A

pericycle, primary xylem, and primary phloem

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40
Q

eudicot root

A

outer epidermis
cortex ring between
inner endodermis
inner-most circle is vascular cylinder
3 phloem and 1 xylem

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41
Q

monocot root

A

same epidermis, cortex ring, and endodermis as eudicot
vascular cylinder has no xylem, but a pith

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42
Q

pith

A

storage tissue

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43
Q

shoot system

A

stem node
internode
leaf
axillary meristem
terminal bud

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44
Q

axillary meristem

A

generates axillary buds
produces flowers and branches
new branches have SAM at tip

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45
Q

terminal bud

A

end of each shoot with SAM

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46
Q

leaf anatomy

A

upper epidermis
mesophyll
lower epidermis
primary xylem and phloem center
stomata for gas exchange

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47
Q

net venation

A

eudicot
veins arranged in fine network

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47
Q

parallel venation

A

monocot
veins are parallel to one another

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48
Q

stems

A

primary growth
mostly above ground
potatoes have modifies stems

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49
Q

eudicot stems

A

elongation during primary growth
expansion during secondary growth
vascular bundles form a ringed pattern
pith and cortex
primary phloem is external, primary xylem is internal

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50
Q

monocot stem

A

elongation during primary growth
scattered vascular bundles
lack pith and cortex

51
Q

vascular cambium

A

produces ring of secondary xylem wood inside ring of secondary phloem

52
Q

cork cambium

A

produces ring of periderm that replaces epidermis for external protection
xylem acts as piping system for water

53
Q

secondary vascular tissue

A

woody plants start with primary vascular tissue that produces secondary vascular tissue and bark as they mature

54
Q

secondary phloem

A

inner bark

55
Q

secondary xylem

A

wood

56
Q

secondary stem growth

A

begins late in 1st year of growth
eudicot begins after 3 years of secondary growth
3 rings of secondary xylem

57
Q

secondary growth

A

expansion
caused by lateral meristem
secondary tissue is produced
periderm comes from cork cambium

58
Q

plant growth regulation

A

hormones are transported through phloem tissue and requires ATP
interacts with external environment to determine growth

59
Q

hormones control…

A

growth, seed generation, flowering, fruiting, leaf shedding, and leaf color

60
Q

auxins

A

growth promoting
produced in shoot tips, seeds, fruits, leaves, and stems
promotes cell elongation, shoot elongation, wood production, fruit development, inhibits bud development, and inhibits leaf, flower, and fruit abscission

61
Q

cytokinis

A

originates in coconut milk
growth promoting
produced in seeds, fruits, and roots
promotes cell division, lateral bud development, and inhibits leaf senesce

62
Q

gibberellins

A

gibberellic acid
many types
growth promoting
concentrated in seeds
promotes stem elongation and breakdown of food reserves

63
Q

brassinosteroids

A

growth promoting
promotes cell expansion, shoot elongation, xylem tissue development, inhibits leaf abscission, and stress response

64
Q

abscisic acid

A

growth inhibiting
found in seeds, mature leaves, and dormant plants
inhibits cell elongation and alpha amylase production
promotes leaf senescence and production of carbohydrate storage in seeds

65
Q

ethylene

A

gas produced by incomplete metabolism
growth inhibiting
not transported in phloem
causes fruit ripening, abscission of leaves, flowers, and fruits
interacts with hormones to determine cell size and shape

66
Q

germination

A

intake of water causes swelling and embryo hydration
embryo secretes gibberellins
gibberellins are transported to cells of aleurone layer to secrete enzymes
embryo respires glucose to produce ATP
embryo directs timing of germination

67
Q

alpha-amylase

A

breakdown of endosperm to glucose

68
Q

seed germination

A

requires breakdown of dormancy and combination of internal and external factors
generalize seed
seedling

69
Q

generalize seed

A

seed coats embryo; stored food

70
Q

seedling

A

result of cellular division and increased cell size

71
Q

internal development

A

cell, tissues, organs, then organism

72
Q

nutrient

A

substance metabolized by or incorporated by the plant

73
Q

macronutrients

A

at least 1 kg or g of plant dry mass

74
Q

micronutrients

A

trace elements
.1g or 1 kg or less of plant dry mass

75
Q

limiting factors

A

limit growth
light, CO2, water, and minerals

76
Q

soil macronutrients

A

nitrogen: protein, nucleic acid, and chlorophyll
potassium: osmosis, ion balancing, and leaf stomata
phosphorus: nucleic acid, ATP, and phospholipids
calcium: cell wall
sulfur: protein and coenzymes
magnesium: chlorophyll and enzyme activator

77
Q

soil micronutrients

A

molybdian: enzyme cofactor
copper: enzyme cofactor
zinc: enzyme cofactor
manganese: chloroplast, oxygen release, and enzyme cofactor
chlorine: splitting H2O ion balance
iron: enzyme cofactor, cytochrome component, and chlorophyll synthesis
boron: enzyme cofactor and cell wall component

78
Q

plant transport

A

roots absorb water and dissolve minerals
shoots take up CO2 via stomata
photosynthetic cells use materials to produce oxygen
long distance transport occurs using a continuous system of conducting tissue

79
Q

importance of water

A

photosynthesis
support plant organs
conduction
cell elongation
chemical reactions
solvent

80
Q

properties of water

A

polar molecule
hydrogen bonding
cohesive net (adhesive, temp stabilization, and transportation)
best biological solvent

81
Q

bulk mass flow

A

mass movement of liquid caused by pressure and gravity

82
Q

diffusion

A

simple movement of molecules through the phospholipid bilayer down the concentration gradient

83
Q

facilitated movement

A

transport of molecules across plasma down the gradient with help of transport proteins

84
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane
not rapid

85
Q

cell wall

A

controls plant water concentration depending on solute concentration, turger pressure, and plasmolyzed cell loss

86
Q

turger pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plant cells

87
Q

water potential

A

potential energy of water
water moves from high to low potential
affected by pressure, solutes, and other factors

88
Q

transpiration

A

evaporation of water from a plant surface
cost of living on land
primary form of long distance water transport
powered indirectly by the sun

89
Q

xylem cells

A

parenchyma and trachids

90
Q

parenchyma

A

alive
thick walled support fibers

91
Q

trachids

A

specialized water conducting cells
dead and empty of cytosol
thick walled
lignin
runs through root, stem, and leaf

92
Q

lignin

A

provides support, strength, durability, and water proofing

93
Q

stomata

A

waxy cuticle used to prevent water loss
facilitates gas exchange
O2 and water are released and CO2 is taken up
controlled by guard cells

94
Q

guard cell mechanism

A

low CO2 during day
guard cells pump in K to change concentration
H2O from xylem moves into guard cells
guard cells swell and open stomata
K is pumped out and H2O moves in causing guard cells to shrink

95
Q

water loss mechanism

A

decrease H2O concentration causes pull of H2O
H2O pulled through transpiration stream
water movement is unidirectional

96
Q

transpiration stream

A

soil, root, root cortex, endodermis, root xylem, stem xylem, mesophyll, vapor

97
Q

CAT mechanism

A

cohesion: H2O sticks together
adhesion: H2O sticks to cellulose
tension: pull due to H2O loss from mesophyll

98
Q

translocation

A

solute movement in plants

99
Q

solute movement

A

food dissolved in H2O and moves as sucrose
bidirectional movement
source to sink

100
Q

source

A

area where food is produced or stored in high quantity

101
Q

sink

A

area where food is needed or stored

102
Q

phloem cells

A

fibers: support
parenchyma: storage
sieve tube
companion cells

103
Q

sieve tube members

A

arranged end to end with companion cells to transport soluble organic substances
no nucleus and small cytoplasm
sap passes through pores

104
Q

sieve plate

A

cap at end of each STM

105
Q

pressure flow hypothesis

A

companion cells pump sucrose into STM
water potential decreases as sucrose increases
xylem has higher water potential, so H2O moves into STM
bulk flow of sucrose dissolved in H2O
companion cells unload sucrose
sucrose converts to starch in root cortex
higher water potential in STM
H2O moves to xylem

106
Q

alternation of generations

A

two multicellular life cycles
1. diploid sporophyte
2. haploid gametophyte

107
Q

ideal flower

A

4 sets of modified leaves
sepal
petal
stamen
carpels
pedicel
receptible

108
Q

sepal

A

outermost layer
forms calyx
protects unopened flower

109
Q

petal

A

forms corolla
attracts pollinators using color, smell, and nectar

110
Q

stamen

A

anther and filament
form androecium
produces pollen

111
Q

carpels

A

stigma, style, and ovary
form pistil/ gynocium
produces embryo sac and egg

112
Q

pedicel

A

flower stalk

113
Q

recepticle

A

enlarged tip of pedicel with four sets of 2N leaves

114
Q

male sexual cycle

A

2N mother cell, meiosis, four 1N microspores, mitosis, 2-cell pollen grain aka gametophyte

115
Q

pollination

A

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

116
Q

self pollination

A

transfer within same flower or from flower on the same plant

117
Q

pollinating agents

A

wind, water, and mainly animals

118
Q

female sexual cycle

A

2N megaspore mother cell, meiosis, four 1N megaspores, 3 degrade, 1N megaspore, mitosis x3, 7-celled 8-nuclei embryo sac aka gametophyte

119
Q

embryo sac

A

8 nuclei, 7 cells
3 antipodal cells
central cell w/ 2 nuclei
2 synergid cells
egg

120
Q

syngamy

A

1N egg + 1N sperm = 2N zygote

121
Q

sexual cycle

A

pollen tube passes through microptyle
pollen tube delivers sperm to egg
pollen tube enters synergid causing rupture
tube nucleus degrades, releasing sperm
microptyle closes
double fertilization making a zygote and primary endosperm

122
Q

post fertilization

A

2N zygote grows into embryo
3N endosperm becomes nutritive tissue
ovule matures into seed
fruit forms

123
Q

seed dispersal

A

wind, water, and primarily animals

124
Q

seed germination

A

seed enters dormancy
dormancy is ended
radicle (root) emerges and grows down
shoot emerges and grows up

Biology 2 (2 decks)

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