Test 1 Flashcards
taxonomy
science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms
systematics
study of biological diversity and evolutionary relationships among organisms
taxon
group at any level
domain
highest level of taxonomy (bacteria, archaea, and eukarya)
Four Kingdoms (eukarya)
kingdom protista
kingdom fungi
kingdom plantae
kingdom animalia
prokaryotic cell
‘before nucleus’
no membrane bound organelles or nucleus
eukaryotic cell
‘true nucleus’
membrane bound organelles
internal membrane system (compartments)
phylogeny
hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among various species based on available information
clade
monophyletic group
group of species/ taxon consisting of the most common recent ancestors and all its descendents
paraphyletic group
contains common ancestor and SOME descendants
ex. reptiles excluding birds
morphological analysis
DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences are used
DNA and amino acid sequences of closely related species are similar
horizontal gene transfer
any process where an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without creating an offspring
nonsexual
vertical evolution
changes in groups due to descent from a common ancestor
sexual reproduction
protobacteria
‘true bacteria’
disease causing
cyanobacteria
‘blue green bacteria’
domain archaea
‘almost’ nucleus
specialized membranes but no compartments
surrounded by wall
domain bacteria
protobacteria
cyanobacteria
kingdom protista
earliest eukaryotes
mostly microscopic and in moist environments
‘catch all’ category
algae
‘plant like’ organisms
10 groups
autotrophic
unicellular to large multicellular
cell wall varies
autotrophic
self-feeding
photosynthesis
protozoans
‘animal like’ organisms
heterotrophic
unicellular
amoeba and paramecium
heterotrophic
ingest feeder
fungal like protists
saprotrophic
secrete digestive enzymes into organisms and absorb nutrients
multicellular
‘slime molds’
saprotrophic
absorb feeders
kingdom fungi
made of mostly mushrooms, yeast, mold, etc.
saprotrophic
body made of mycellium and hyphae
fruiting body
cell wall
hyphae
compacted mass of tubular filaments
fruiting body
spore production
kingdom plantae
330,000 species
eukaryotic and multicellular
autotrophic
starch, cellulose, and chlorophyll
roots
10 phyla
starch
food storage compartment
cellulose
cell wall; most abundant carb
chlorophyll
photosynthetic pigment
a and b
beta-carotene
bryophytes
‘moss and their allies’
phylum hepatophyta (liver wart)
phylum anthocerophyta (horn wart)
phylum bryophyta (moss)
reproduce via spores
nonvascular
require external H2O for reproduction
nonvascular
lack conducting tissue(xylem and phloem)
pteridiphytes
ferns and relatives
phylum lycopodiophyta
phylum pteridophyta
spores
vascular
true roots, stems, and leaves
large in size
external H2O
vascular
contain conducting tissue xylem(water and minerals) and phloem(food and solutes)
gymnosperms
naked seeds
phylum cycadophyta
phylum ginkophyta
phylum gnetophyta
phylum coniferophyta
first group with seeds
vascular
no external H2O needed
seeds
advanced feature
not enclosed
contain embryo, stored food, and integument(seed coat)
conifer
cone-bearing tree
angiosperms
phylum anthophyta
most species rich phylum
fruits and flowers
most advanced seeds and vascular tissue
seeds have two integuments
no external H2O
kingdom animalia
2.5 mill species
35 phyla
more similarity between animal phyla than any other kingdom
characteristics: multicellular, no cell wall, sexual reproduction with mobile sperm, complex nervous system, hox genes, advanced movement, and similar rRNA
hox genes
control blue print of body
animals only