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Biology 2 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

taxonomy

A

science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms

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2
Q

systematics

A

study of biological diversity and evolutionary relationships among organisms

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3
Q

taxon

A

group at any level

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4
Q

domain

A

highest level of taxonomy (bacteria, archaea, and eukarya)

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5
Q

Four Kingdoms (eukarya)

A

kingdom protista
kingdom fungi
kingdom plantae
kingdom animalia

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6
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

‘before nucleus’
no membrane bound organelles or nucleus

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7
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

‘true nucleus’
membrane bound organelles
internal membrane system (compartments)

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8
Q

phylogeny

A

hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among various species based on available information

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9
Q

clade

A

monophyletic group
group of species/ taxon consisting of the most common recent ancestors and all its descendents

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10
Q

paraphyletic group

A

contains common ancestor and SOME descendants
ex. reptiles excluding birds

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11
Q

morphological analysis

A

DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences are used
DNA and amino acid sequences of closely related species are similar

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12
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

any process where an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without creating an offspring
nonsexual

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13
Q

vertical evolution

A

changes in groups due to descent from a common ancestor
sexual reproduction

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14
Q

protobacteria

A

‘true bacteria’
disease causing

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15
Q

cyanobacteria

A

‘blue green bacteria’

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16
Q

domain archaea

A

‘almost’ nucleus
specialized membranes but no compartments
surrounded by wall

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17
Q

domain bacteria

A

protobacteria
cyanobacteria

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18
Q

kingdom protista

A

earliest eukaryotes
mostly microscopic and in moist environments
‘catch all’ category

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19
Q

algae

A

‘plant like’ organisms
10 groups
autotrophic
unicellular to large multicellular
cell wall varies

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20
Q

autotrophic

A

self-feeding
photosynthesis

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21
Q

protozoans

A

‘animal like’ organisms
heterotrophic
unicellular
amoeba and paramecium

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22
Q

heterotrophic

A

ingest feeder

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23
Q

fungal like protists

A

saprotrophic
secrete digestive enzymes into organisms and absorb nutrients
multicellular
‘slime molds’

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24
Q

saprotrophic

A

absorb feeders

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25
Q

kingdom fungi

A

made of mostly mushrooms, yeast, mold, etc.
saprotrophic
body made of mycellium and hyphae
fruiting body
cell wall

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26
Q

hyphae

A

compacted mass of tubular filaments

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27
Q

fruiting body

A

spore production

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28
Q

kingdom plantae

A

330,000 species
eukaryotic and multicellular
autotrophic
starch, cellulose, and chlorophyll
roots
10 phyla

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29
Q

starch

A

food storage compartment

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30
Q

cellulose

A

cell wall; most abundant carb

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31
Q

chlorophyll

A

photosynthetic pigment
a and b
beta-carotene

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32
Q

bryophytes

A

‘moss and their allies’
phylum hepatophyta (liver wart)
phylum anthocerophyta (horn wart)
phylum bryophyta (moss)
reproduce via spores
nonvascular
require external H2O for reproduction

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33
Q

nonvascular

A

lack conducting tissue(xylem and phloem)

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34
Q

pteridiphytes

A

ferns and relatives
phylum lycopodiophyta
phylum pteridophyta
spores
vascular
true roots, stems, and leaves
large in size
external H2O

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35
Q

vascular

A

contain conducting tissue xylem(water and minerals) and phloem(food and solutes)

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36
Q

gymnosperms

A

naked seeds
phylum cycadophyta
phylum ginkophyta
phylum gnetophyta
phylum coniferophyta
first group with seeds
vascular
no external H2O needed

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37
Q

seeds

A

advanced feature
not enclosed
contain embryo, stored food, and integument(seed coat)

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38
Q

conifer

A

cone-bearing tree

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39
Q

angiosperms

A

phylum anthophyta
most species rich phylum
fruits and flowers
most advanced seeds and vascular tissue
seeds have two integuments
no external H2O

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40
Q

kingdom animalia

A

2.5 mill species
35 phyla
more similarity between animal phyla than any other kingdom
characteristics: multicellular, no cell wall, sexual reproduction with mobile sperm, complex nervous system, hox genes, advanced movement, and similar rRNA

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41
Q

hox genes

A

control blue print of body
animals only

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42
Q

metazoans

A

multicellular
parazoans: sponge
eumetazoans: ‘true’ multicellular animals

43
Q

radiata

A

radially symmetrical
divided equally by any longitudinal plane
circular or tubular in shape

44
Q

bilateria

A

bilaterally symmetrical
divided along a vertical plane into two halves

45
Q

tissue

A

aggregation of functionally similar cells

46
Q

diploblastic

A

two layers of skin

47
Q

triploblastic

A

three layers of skin

48
Q

endoderm

A

inner skin layer

49
Q

ectoderm

A

outer skin layer

50
Q

mesoderm

A

third layer forming muscles and other organs

51
Q

protostome

A

first opening in development becomes mouth

52
Q

deuterostome

A

first opening in development becomes anus

53
Q

coelom

A

fluid-filled body cavity
provides cushioning
enables movement and growth of organs
fluid acts as circulatory system

54
Q

coelomate/ eucoelomate

A

coelom completely lined with mesoderm

55
Q

pseudocoelomate

A

partially lined
rotifers and roundworms

56
Q

acoelomate

A

no body cavity
mesenchyme as filler
flatworms

57
Q

segmentation

A

body part repetition
allows for specialization of body regions
annelid worms, arthropods, and chordates

58
Q

molecular comparison

A

compare similarities in DNA, RNA, and amino acids
rRNA is universal and changes slowly
hox genes are identifiable in all animals

59
Q

invertebrate

A

without vertebral column
95% of animal species

60
Q

phylum porifera

A

sponges
lack tissue
multicellular, but dont function as such
pores that filter water and H2O

61
Q

phylum chidaria/ ctenophora

A

jellyfish, corals, and anemones
comb jellies
mesoglea
nerve net
one opening for gastrovascular use
protostomes

62
Q

mesoglea

A

gelatinous covering

63
Q

nerve net

A

interconnected nerve cells
no brain

64
Q

phylum platyhelminthes

A

flatworms, flukes, and tapeworms
triploblastic
-organs and organ system
nerve net with two cerebral ganglia
one opening for gastrovascular function
protostomes

65
Q

phylum rotifera

A

rotifers
-pseudocoelomate
triploblastic
-complete gut tract
protostomes
corona
-simple brain

66
Q

phylum mollusca

A

snails, slugs, oyster, octopus, and squids
triploblastic
-eucoelomate
complete gut
protostomes
average nervous system

67
Q

phulum annelida

A

segmented/ ringed worms
triploblastic
eucoelomate
gut tract
protostomes
enhanced nervous system

68
Q

phylum nematoda

A

roundworms
triploblastic
-pseudocoelomate
complete gut
protostomes

69
Q

phylum arthropoda

A

insects, crustaceans, spiders, and ticks
highest species diversity
-hardened exoskeleton
protostomes
eucoelomate
complete gut
enhanced nervous system; social insects have enhanced brains
-segmented appendages

70
Q

phylum echinodermata

A

starfish, urchin, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars
triploblastic
eucoelomate
complete gut
-deuterostomers
simple nervous system
-endoskeleton

71
Q

phylum chordata

A

deuterostomes
complete gut
endoskeleton
mostly invertebrates
eucoelomate
triploblastic
bilateral symmetry

72
Q

chordata innovations

A
  1. notochord
  2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  3. pharyngeal gill pouch/ slits
  4. postanal tail
73
Q

notochord

A

cartilaginous supporting rod along back
replaced with jointed vertebral column

74
Q

hollow nerve cord

A

expands as brain
enclosed, protected, and supported by vertebral column

75
Q

pharyngeal gills

A

at back of mouth
aquatic gas exchange

76
Q

postanal tail

A

extends past posterior anus
coccyx in humans

77
Q

subphylum urochordata

A

tunicates
invertebrates
3000 species
marine
filter feeders

78
Q

subphylum cephalochordata

A

lancelets
invertebrate
25 species
marine
filter feeder

79
Q

subphylum vertebrata

A

vertebral column: cartilage or bone
cranium: skull that protects brain
endoskeleton
hox genes
neural crest: cells that layout path for peripheral nervous system

80
Q

cyclostomes

A

jawless fish

81
Q

class myxini

A

hagfish
lack jaws, eyes, fins, and vertebral column
notochord and cartilage skull
covered in slime

82
Q

class cephalaspidimorphi

A

lampreys
notochord, cartilage vertebral column
no jaws or fins

83
Q

class chonrdichthyes

A

cartilaginous fish
sharks, skates, and rays
cartilage skeleton and notochord
‘jawed fish’
paired appendages
gills for gas exchange

84
Q

class osteichthyes

A

‘bony fish’
most diverse vertebrate group
bony skeleton
jawed
paired appendages
gills

85
Q

tetrapods

A

gnathostome with four appendages
transitioned to land by adapting for locomotion, reproduction, and preventing skin desiccation
evolved from sturdy lobe-finned fish
vertebral column strengthened; hip and shoulder bones braced against column

86
Q

class amphibia

A

‘living a double life’
reproduce in water
lungs adapt to semiterrestrial lifestyle
smooth, thin, moist skin
3-chambered heart
external fertilization
metamorphasis

87
Q

order anura

A

frogs and toads
carnivorous adults, herbivorous tadpoles
hind limbs longer than fore

88
Q

order adopa

A

caecilians
blind, tropical burrowers
legless

89
Q

order urodela

A

salamanders
four limbs
colorful skin patterns

90
Q

amniotes

A

shelled egg
amniotic egg broke tie to water
shell is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide
-birds- hard and calcareous
-reptile- soft and leathery
-mammal- embryo embeds in uterine wall
desiccation resistant skin with keratin
thoracic breathing
water conserving kidney
internal fertilization

91
Q

class reptilia

A

turtles, crocodiles, lizards, and snakes
live away from H2O
thick skin and scales
larger brain
larger limbs/ muscles
enhanced kidneys
amniotic egg

92
Q

oviparous

A

egg laying
outside of body
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

93
Q

ovoviviparous

A

live bearing with retention of eggs
no maternal connection
fish and reptiles

94
Q

viviparous

A

live bearing with egg retention and maternal connection via placenta
mammals and reptiles

95
Q

class aves

A

birds/ feathered dinosaurs
flight adaptations: feather, modified forelimbs, lightweight skeleton, organ reductions, lungs and air sacs
oviparous
beak acts as a 5th appendage

96
Q

endothermic

A

internal temperature; body temp is primarily controlled by trapped metabolic heat
birds and mammals

97
Q

ectothermic

A

external temperature; body temp is related to external temperature
hard to capture metabolic heat
variable temp
reptiles, amphibians, and fish

98
Q

class mammalia

A

milk producing amniotes
unmatched range of size, body form, and complexity
bird-like mammals, reptile-like mammals, and fish-like mammals

99
Q

mammal characteristics

A

mammary glands
hair with sensory receptors at base
multiple dentations
pinna
3 middle ear ossicles
nucleated red blood cells
enlarged skull, brain, and cerebrum

100
Q

heterodont

A

different types of teeth
canines, incisors, molars, and premolars

101
Q

thecodont

A

having teeth rooted into the lower jaw

102
Q

diphyodont

A

two sets of teeth
milk and permanent

103
Q

pinna

A

flap of skin outside the ear opening used to funnel in sound waves

104
Q

order primates

A

tree-dwelling
characteristics: grasping digits, large brain, flat nails, binocular vision, enhanced sense of touch, and complex social behavior

Biology 2 (2 decks)

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