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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

between the left ventricle and the aorta

Ensures one way flow of blood thru heart

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1
Q

aortic arch

A

receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle.

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2
Q

ascending aorta

A

rises up from the heart and is about 2 inches long. the coronary arteries branch off from the ascending aorta and supply the heart with blood

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3
Q

AV bundle

A

aka bundle of His
divides into left and right bundles
extends from av node into and thru intraventricular septum

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4
Q

AV node (atrioventricular)

A

found on the floor of the right atrium. jx between atrium and ventricle.

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5
Q

bicuspid (mitral Valve/left AV valve)

A

prevents backflow from left ventricle to left atrium.

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6
Q

coronary artery

A

right coronary artery and the left coronary trunk

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7
Q

what is the structure of the systemic circuit

A

l ventricle-systemic arteries-systemic cells-right atrium

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8
Q

what is the fx of systemic circuit

A

carries oxygented blood from the heart to systemic tissues for nutrients and waste. carries deoxygented blood back to heart

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9
Q

what is the structure of the pulminary circuit

A

rt ventricle-pulminary arteries-lungs-lt atrium

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10
Q

what is the fx of pulminary circuit

A

carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs to pick up O2and release CO2\
carries oxygenated blood back to the heart.

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11
Q

pericardial sac

A

the outermost double layer covering of the heart.

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12
Q

what is the visceral pericardium.

A

the inner most covering of the heart and is tightly attached to the heart.

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13
Q

What is the pericardial cavity

A

filled with paricardial fluid and this helps lubricate facilitates movement of the heart when it beats.

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14
Q

what are the layers of the heart wall.?

A

endocardium-inside (simple squamous)
myocardium cardiac muscle
Epicardium- outer (visceral layer of the serous paricardium

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15
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart

A

right and left atrium

right and left ventricle

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16
Q

describe right atrium

A

Receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus and sends it to the right ventricle

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17
Q

what is the foramen ovale

A

in fetus and is a hole that bypasses the lungs as the fetus does not need to breath thru lungs.

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18
Q

where does the right ventricle receive blood from

A

from the right atrium and sends blood to the pulminary trunk.

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19
Q

What anchors cordae tendinae

A

papillary muscles

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20
Q

what are the cordae tendine attached to

A

right atrioventricular valve.

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21
Q

what separates the right ventricle from the right atrium

A

tricuspid valve-prevents backflow int right atrium when right ventricle contracts

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22
Q

what is myocardial infarction

A

coronary artery disease

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23
Q

what is myocardial ischemia

A

chest/heart pain

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24
Q

Where does the left atrium recieve blood from?

A

pulminary veins

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25
Q

Where does the left atrium send blood to

A

left ventricle

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26
Q

Where does the left ventricle receive blood from

A

Left atrium( thru bicuspid valve)

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27
Q

What is another name for the bicuspid valve

A

atrioventricular valve

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28
Q

Which has the thicker wall-Left ventricle or right ventriclele

A

left ventricle

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29
Q

Which valve does the Rt AV have -tricuspid for bicuspid

A

tricuspid

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30
Q

What does the tricuspid valve prevent

A

backflow from the rt ventricle to the rt atrium

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31
Q

What backflow does the bicuspid valve prevent

A

from the left V to left A

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32
Q

What backflow does the pulminary semilunar valve prevent

A

from the pulminary trunk to the rt Atrium

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33
Q

what backflow does the aortic semilunar valve prevent

A

from the aorta to left atrium

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34
Q

why does the heart need cardiac or coronary vesels

A

the heart cannot get enough oxygen and nutrients by diffusion thru the blood in the heart chambers

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35
Q

what do coronary arteries supply blood to?

A

cardiac muscle

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36
Q

Where do coronary veins supply blood to

A

to the right atrium via the coronry sinus

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37
Q

what are the three veins that drain to the coronary sinus

A

the great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein

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38
Q

what serves as the heart’s pacemaker

A

sinoatrial node (SA node)

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39
Q

what does the bundle of His divide

A

the right and left bundle

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40
Q

What is autoarhythmicity

A

the heart can beat on its own as it has specialized cardiac cells that initiate electrical signals.

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41
Q

what doe the P wave represent

A

the atrial contractions

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42
Q

What does tehe QRS complex mean

A

results from depolarization of ventricles and repolarization of atria.

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43
Q

what does the T Wave represent

A

repolarization of the ventricles

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44
Q

Why is there a delay in the PQ segment

A

to give the ventricle enough time to fill with blood before it contracts

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45
Q

If ventricles are contracting what are atria doing

A

relaxing

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46
Q

what is atrial systole

A

atria are contracting and the ventricles are relaxed.

47
Q

What is early ventricular systole

A

the beginning of ventricular contraction.

48
Q

What is late ventricular systole.

A

semilunar valves are forced open due to pressure on blood is ventricles is greater than blood pressure in the arterial trunks.

49
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the amount of blood pumped out during ventricular systole

50
Q

what is the blood remaining in a ventricle at the end of systole

A

ESV -end systolic volume

51
Q

Define Arteries

A

Transport blood away from the heart/there is no exchange of substances with the surrounding tissues

52
Q

Define Veins

A

Transport blood toward the heart /no exchange of substances with surrounding tissues

53
Q

Define Capillaries

A

Exchange of substances with surrounding tissues

54
Q

Do arteries or veins have valves

A

veins

55
Q

why do veins have valves

A

they are further from the heart and have to get back to the heart.

56
Q

why do arteries have thicker walls

A

there is more pressure in the arteries and arteries can constrict and dialate

57
Q

what is arterschlerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries and arteries are prone to injuries due to higher blood pressure. this does not happen in Veins as they do not have the high blood pressure.

58
Q

Arteries are narrower than veins true of false

A

true

59
Q

What are the layers of veins and arteries called

A

tunic

60
Q

What is tunica media

A

do not exist in capillaries

61
Q

What is the tunica externa

A

not found in caillary

62
Q

what is a Vasa Vasorum

A

Some blood vessels need their own blood supply (only in very large blood vessels)

63
Q

What is the thickest layer of artery

A

tunica media

64
Q

Are the tunics in arteries or veins more elastic

A

artery are more flexible

65
Q

What are the largest kind of arteries

A

elastic arteries

66
Q

What are the smallest arteries

A

Arterioles

67
Q

What are the elastic arteries

A

branches of the aorta- brachiocephalic arteries, common carotid arteries, subclaven arteries, common iliac crest.

68
Q

capillary beds are

A

A group of capillaries

69
Q

What are venuoles

A

the smallest veins. venuoles merge to form veins

70
Q

most veins contain valves true or false

A

true

71
Q

Why do veins have valves

A

to prevent blood from pooling up in the limbs.

72
Q

Where is the most percentage of blood in systemic or pulmnary

A

systemic and most of it is in the veins

73
Q

What is a simple pathway

A

One major artery delivers blood to the organ and then branches off to be come arterioles.

74
Q

What is an alternative pathway

A

They differ from the simple pathway in the different number of arteries, capillary beds, or veins that serve an organ.

75
Q

what do precapillary sphincters do?

A

the regulate the blood flow thru the capillary beds.

76
Q

What is the volume of blood ea ventricle can hold

A

130 ml

77
Q

Are there more arteries or veins

A

There are 5 times more veins than arteries

78
Q

Do arteries or veins serve as reserviors

A

Veins serve as reservoirs

79
Q

Explain Calpillary exchange

A

Very small solutes and fluids diffuse thruough endothelial cells or intercellular clefts

80
Q

vesicular exocitosis

A

When the nutrient or waste moves through the cell

81
Q

filtration

A

it filters due to gravity and pressure

82
Q

Is there exchange in arterioles

A

no

83
Q

Can there be exchange in venuoles

A

yes

84
Q

Is capilary blood pressure high or low

A

low

85
Q

Is blood pressure in veins high or low

A

low

86
Q

Do you have more protein inside the capillary or in the interstitial fluid?

A

Inside the capillary

87
Q

How do return the blood back to the heart from the lower part of the body.

A

Venus Return-veins below the heart is facilitated by skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump

88
Q

What is peripheral resistance

A

The amount of friction the blood experiences as it travels thru the blood vessels

89
Q

What determines Peripheral resistance

A

Blood viscosity-how thick it is (due to high salt or protein)
Vessel length-the longer the vessel, the greater the peripheral distance. Obese people have longer vessel lenth.
Vessel radius-The smaller the radius the greater the peripheral resistance

90
Q

What can effect vessel length

A

Obesity-the more fat and the longer the veins have to get

Taller people have vessel length

91
Q

Are there more systemic veins or more systemic arteries

A

systemic veins

92
Q

How may systemic veins, capillaries and arteries are there

A

55% veins
5 % capillaries
10 arteries

93
Q

What is the general structure of the tunica intima of a blood vessel

A

Composed of endothelium, simple squamous epithelium.

94
Q

what is the function of tunica intima ?

A

Protection and forming valves in large veins.

95
Q

What is the structure of the tunica media

A

It is the middle layer and it is larger in the artery than in the vein. It is made of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers.

96
Q

What is the fx of tunica media

A

Strengthen the vessels and causes vasoconstriction and vasodialation. (need the elstic fibers for this)

97
Q

What is the structure of tunica extern

A

Outermost layer, larger in the vein.

Composed of areolar CT elastic and collagan fibers

98
Q

What is the function of the tunica externa

A

for protection
Helps anchor the vessel to the other structures.
Very lg vessels require their own blood supply

99
Q

Does the artery or the vein have the larger lumen

A

vein. It has valves.

100
Q

What are elastic arteries

A

They are the conducting arteries. They are the largest arteries
aorta, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian and common illiac arteries

101
Q

Where do elastic arteries conduct blood to?

A

They conduct blood from heart to muscular arteries.

102
Q

What are muscular arteries

A

They are distributing arteries.

Receive blood from elastic arteries and branch into arterioles

103
Q

What regions do muscular arteries make up

A

temporal, facial, brachial, radial femoral popiteal and renal are examples.
They have a thicker tunica media less elastic fibers than elastic and they can vasoconstric and dialate better.

104
Q

What are arterioles

A

They are the smallest arteries.

105
Q

What is the fx of arterioles

A

to deliver blood to capillaries

play the most significant role in regulating systemic blood pressure and blood flow.

106
Q

What are capillaries

A

They are the smallest blood vessels and they connect arterioles to venuoles.

107
Q

What is the structure of a capillary

A

There is not externa media or externa and are composed of an endothelium layer that is resting on the basement membrane.

108
Q

What exchange do capillaries make

A

substances btween blood and body tissue

109
Q

what is the fx of a precapillary sphincter

A

to control the blood flow into the true capillary

110
Q

How much of the capillary beds are open at any given time

A

1/4

111
Q

What are venuoles

A

They are the smallest veins

112
Q

What is the fx of venuoles?

A

They are to collect blood from the capillary bed. They are used to exchange substances.

113
Q

What are small and medium veins with muscular arteries

A

companion vessels

114
Q

what prevents blood from pooling in the limbs

A

veins have valves

115
Q

What drains blood from thorax and the lower parts of the body and sends it to the right atrium.

A

inferior vena cava

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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