test 2 Flashcards
aortic semilunar valve
between the left ventricle and the aorta
Ensures one way flow of blood thru heart
aortic arch
receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle.
ascending aorta
rises up from the heart and is about 2 inches long. the coronary arteries branch off from the ascending aorta and supply the heart with blood
AV bundle
aka bundle of His
divides into left and right bundles
extends from av node into and thru intraventricular septum
AV node (atrioventricular)
found on the floor of the right atrium. jx between atrium and ventricle.
bicuspid (mitral Valve/left AV valve)
prevents backflow from left ventricle to left atrium.
coronary artery
right coronary artery and the left coronary trunk
what is the structure of the systemic circuit
l ventricle-systemic arteries-systemic cells-right atrium
what is the fx of systemic circuit
carries oxygented blood from the heart to systemic tissues for nutrients and waste. carries deoxygented blood back to heart
what is the structure of the pulminary circuit
rt ventricle-pulminary arteries-lungs-lt atrium
what is the fx of pulminary circuit
carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs to pick up O2and release CO2\
carries oxygenated blood back to the heart.
pericardial sac
the outermost double layer covering of the heart.
what is the visceral pericardium.
the inner most covering of the heart and is tightly attached to the heart.
What is the pericardial cavity
filled with paricardial fluid and this helps lubricate facilitates movement of the heart when it beats.
what are the layers of the heart wall.?
endocardium-inside (simple squamous)
myocardium cardiac muscle
Epicardium- outer (visceral layer of the serous paricardium
what are the 4 chambers of the heart
right and left atrium
right and left ventricle
describe right atrium
Receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus and sends it to the right ventricle
what is the foramen ovale
in fetus and is a hole that bypasses the lungs as the fetus does not need to breath thru lungs.
where does the right ventricle receive blood from
from the right atrium and sends blood to the pulminary trunk.
What anchors cordae tendinae
papillary muscles
what are the cordae tendine attached to
right atrioventricular valve.
what separates the right ventricle from the right atrium
tricuspid valve-prevents backflow int right atrium when right ventricle contracts
what is myocardial infarction
coronary artery disease
what is myocardial ischemia
chest/heart pain
Where does the left atrium recieve blood from?
pulminary veins
Where does the left atrium send blood to
left ventricle
Where does the left ventricle receive blood from
Left atrium( thru bicuspid valve)
What is another name for the bicuspid valve
atrioventricular valve
Which has the thicker wall-Left ventricle or right ventriclele
left ventricle
Which valve does the Rt AV have -tricuspid for bicuspid
tricuspid
What does the tricuspid valve prevent
backflow from the rt ventricle to the rt atrium
What backflow does the bicuspid valve prevent
from the left V to left A
What backflow does the pulminary semilunar valve prevent
from the pulminary trunk to the rt Atrium
what backflow does the aortic semilunar valve prevent
from the aorta to left atrium
why does the heart need cardiac or coronary vesels
the heart cannot get enough oxygen and nutrients by diffusion thru the blood in the heart chambers
what do coronary arteries supply blood to?
cardiac muscle
Where do coronary veins supply blood to
to the right atrium via the coronry sinus
what are the three veins that drain to the coronary sinus
the great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
what serves as the heart’s pacemaker
sinoatrial node (SA node)
what does the bundle of His divide
the right and left bundle
What is autoarhythmicity
the heart can beat on its own as it has specialized cardiac cells that initiate electrical signals.
what doe the P wave represent
the atrial contractions
What does tehe QRS complex mean
results from depolarization of ventricles and repolarization of atria.
what does the T Wave represent
repolarization of the ventricles
Why is there a delay in the PQ segment
to give the ventricle enough time to fill with blood before it contracts
If ventricles are contracting what are atria doing
relaxing
what is atrial systole
atria are contracting and the ventricles are relaxed.
What is early ventricular systole
the beginning of ventricular contraction.
What is late ventricular systole.
semilunar valves are forced open due to pressure on blood is ventricles is greater than blood pressure in the arterial trunks.
what is stroke volume
the amount of blood pumped out during ventricular systole
what is the blood remaining in a ventricle at the end of systole
ESV -end systolic volume
Define Arteries
Transport blood away from the heart/there is no exchange of substances with the surrounding tissues
Define Veins
Transport blood toward the heart /no exchange of substances with surrounding tissues
Define Capillaries
Exchange of substances with surrounding tissues
Do arteries or veins have valves
veins
why do veins have valves
they are further from the heart and have to get back to the heart.
why do arteries have thicker walls
there is more pressure in the arteries and arteries can constrict and dialate
what is arterschlerosis
Hardening of the arteries and arteries are prone to injuries due to higher blood pressure. this does not happen in Veins as they do not have the high blood pressure.
Arteries are narrower than veins true of false
true
What are the layers of veins and arteries called
tunic
What is tunica media
do not exist in capillaries
What is the tunica externa
not found in caillary
what is a Vasa Vasorum
Some blood vessels need their own blood supply (only in very large blood vessels)
What is the thickest layer of artery
tunica media
Are the tunics in arteries or veins more elastic
artery are more flexible
What are the largest kind of arteries
elastic arteries
What are the smallest arteries
Arterioles
What are the elastic arteries
branches of the aorta- brachiocephalic arteries, common carotid arteries, subclaven arteries, common iliac crest.
capillary beds are
A group of capillaries
What are venuoles
the smallest veins. venuoles merge to form veins
most veins contain valves true or false
true
Why do veins have valves
to prevent blood from pooling up in the limbs.
Where is the most percentage of blood in systemic or pulmnary
systemic and most of it is in the veins
What is a simple pathway
One major artery delivers blood to the organ and then branches off to be come arterioles.
What is an alternative pathway
They differ from the simple pathway in the different number of arteries, capillary beds, or veins that serve an organ.
what do precapillary sphincters do?
the regulate the blood flow thru the capillary beds.
What is the volume of blood ea ventricle can hold
130 ml
Are there more arteries or veins
There are 5 times more veins than arteries
Do arteries or veins serve as reserviors
Veins serve as reservoirs
Explain Calpillary exchange
Very small solutes and fluids diffuse thruough endothelial cells or intercellular clefts
vesicular exocitosis
When the nutrient or waste moves through the cell
filtration
it filters due to gravity and pressure
Is there exchange in arterioles
no
Can there be exchange in venuoles
yes
Is capilary blood pressure high or low
low
Is blood pressure in veins high or low
low
Do you have more protein inside the capillary or in the interstitial fluid?
Inside the capillary
How do return the blood back to the heart from the lower part of the body.
Venus Return-veins below the heart is facilitated by skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump
What is peripheral resistance
The amount of friction the blood experiences as it travels thru the blood vessels
What determines Peripheral resistance
Blood viscosity-how thick it is (due to high salt or protein)
Vessel length-the longer the vessel, the greater the peripheral distance. Obese people have longer vessel lenth.
Vessel radius-The smaller the radius the greater the peripheral resistance
What can effect vessel length
Obesity-the more fat and the longer the veins have to get
Taller people have vessel length
Are there more systemic veins or more systemic arteries
systemic veins
How may systemic veins, capillaries and arteries are there
55% veins
5 % capillaries
10 arteries
What is the general structure of the tunica intima of a blood vessel
Composed of endothelium, simple squamous epithelium.
what is the function of tunica intima ?
Protection and forming valves in large veins.
What is the structure of the tunica media
It is the middle layer and it is larger in the artery than in the vein. It is made of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers.
What is the fx of tunica media
Strengthen the vessels and causes vasoconstriction and vasodialation. (need the elstic fibers for this)
What is the structure of tunica extern
Outermost layer, larger in the vein.
Composed of areolar CT elastic and collagan fibers
What is the function of the tunica externa
for protection
Helps anchor the vessel to the other structures.
Very lg vessels require their own blood supply
Does the artery or the vein have the larger lumen
vein. It has valves.
What are elastic arteries
They are the conducting arteries. They are the largest arteries
aorta, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian and common illiac arteries
Where do elastic arteries conduct blood to?
They conduct blood from heart to muscular arteries.
What are muscular arteries
They are distributing arteries.
Receive blood from elastic arteries and branch into arterioles
What regions do muscular arteries make up
temporal, facial, brachial, radial femoral popiteal and renal are examples.
They have a thicker tunica media less elastic fibers than elastic and they can vasoconstric and dialate better.
What are arterioles
They are the smallest arteries.
What is the fx of arterioles
to deliver blood to capillaries
play the most significant role in regulating systemic blood pressure and blood flow.
What are capillaries
They are the smallest blood vessels and they connect arterioles to venuoles.
What is the structure of a capillary
There is not externa media or externa and are composed of an endothelium layer that is resting on the basement membrane.
What exchange do capillaries make
substances btween blood and body tissue
what is the fx of a precapillary sphincter
to control the blood flow into the true capillary
How much of the capillary beds are open at any given time
1/4
What are venuoles
They are the smallest veins
What is the fx of venuoles?
They are to collect blood from the capillary bed. They are used to exchange substances.
What are small and medium veins with muscular arteries
companion vessels
what prevents blood from pooling in the limbs
veins have valves
What drains blood from thorax and the lower parts of the body and sends it to the right atrium.
inferior vena cava
